Sidney Rittenberg

Sidney Rittenberg was an American journalist, scholar, and Chinese linguist who lived in China from 1944 to 1980. He worked closely with Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, and other leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Chinese Communist Revolution. He was with these central Communist leaders at Yan'an. Later, he was imprisoned in solitary confinement twice. 

In his book "The Man Who Stayed Behind," Rittenberg stated that he was the second American citizen to join the CCP, the first being the Lebanese-American Doctor Ma Haide (born Shafick George Hatem.) Rittenberg was born into a Jewish family in Charleston, South Carolina, and he lived there until his college studies. He was the son of Muriel (Sluth) and Sidney Rittenberg, who was president of the Charleston City Council. 

After attending Porter Military Academy, he turned down a full scholarship to Princeton University and instead attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he majored in philosophy.[citation needed] While attending Chapel Hill, he became a member of the Dialectic Society and the US Communist Party. When he arrived in China, he was sent to bring a $26 check to the family of a girl who was killed by a drunken US soldier. 

Despite the family's devastation, they gave Rittenberg $6 for his help. It was at that point that "something inside Sidney Rittenberg shifted." Rittenberg befriended the communist leader in the Yan'an caves, which resulted in a lasting relationship with Mao until the early days of the Cultural Revolution. He later worked for the Xinhua News Agency and Central Broadcast Administration.

In 1949, immediately before the formal surrender of Beijing to the Communists, Rittenberg said he was summoned to the capital, and he went, expecting to play a role in promoting the Communist takeover to the rest of the world. In fact, Rittenberg was arrested and placed in solitary confinement because Stalin had denounced him as a US spy. 

On his release in 1955, Rittenberg remained a strong supporter of Mao and actively and enthusiastically supported the Great Leap Forward. Later he was a supporter of the Cultural Revolution and briefly associated with Mao's inner circle, leading a group of rebels to take over the state broadcasting institution. On April 8, 1967, the People's Daily published a long article written by him. Rittenberg said, though, that after he objected to the excesses of the period, he was arrested and placed back in solitary confinement from 1967 to 1977. On his release, he emigrated to the United States.