Sam Harris is an American neuroscientist, philosopher, and author. He is the founder and CEO of Project Reason, a non-profit organization that promotes science and secularism. Harris is known for his critiques of religious faith and his promotion of scientific rationality and secular humanism. He has written several books, including "The End of Faith," "Letter to a Christian Nation," "The Moral Landscape," "Free Will," and "Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion." Harris is also a frequent speaker and commentator on neuroscience, philosophy, and religion issues.
Sam Harris hosts a podcast called "Making Sense," produced by his non-profit organization, Project Reason. The podcast features Harris having in-depth conversations with various guests, including scientists, scholars, authors, and other public figures. Topics of discussion on the podcast include science, philosophy, politics, and current events. The podcast is released weekly, and episodes can be found on various platforms such as iTunes, Spotify, and YouTube. The podcast has been running since 2013 and has been well-received by listeners for its in-depth and thought-provoking conversations.
Harris has written extensively on neuroscience and its implications for understanding the nature of consciousness, free will, and morality. In addition, he is known for his work on the neural basis of belief and emotion and his critiques of traditional religious and spiritual beliefs.
Project Reason is a non-profit organization that promotes scientific understanding and critical thinking on issues related to religion, morality, and politics. It provides a forum for open and rational discussion of these topics and works to combat the influence of dogmatism and superstition in public life. Some of the activities of Project Reason include public lectures, debates, discussions with experts in various fields, and the production of multimedia content such as podcasts, videos, and articles. Harris' organization also provides educational resources and materials for educators and students.

Chris Anderson is the Head of TED, a non-profit organization devoted to spreading ideas through short, powerful talks. He is also the founder of TEDx, a program that allows communities and organizations to host TED-like events.
Anderson has been involved with TED since 2001 and took over as Head of TED in 2002. Under his leadership, TED has grown into a global phenomenon, with talks being viewed by millions of people in more than 100 languages. He has also been instrumental in expanding the reach of TED by making the words available for free online and by launching the TEDx program.
In addition to his work with TED, Anderson is also an entrepreneur and author. He is the founder of several successful companies. In addition, he has written several books, including "The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More" and "TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking."
Anderson is a firm believer in the power of ideas to change the world, and he has dedicated his career to promoting this idea through TED. He is a charismatic and dynamic speaker and has been praised for his ability to bring together diverse groups of people to share their thoughts and inspire change.
Anderson is also known for his innovative approach to curation, which has helped to make TED one of the most respected and widely-watched platforms for ideas. He has a keen eye for identifying new and emerging trends and is always looking for ways to bring fresh perspectives and voices to the TED stage.
He has also been a champion of using technology to democratize knowledge and ideas, making them more accessible to people worldwide. In addition, he has been an early adopter of new technologies, such as online video and social media, to help spread TED's message and reach new audiences.
Various organizations and publications have also recognized Anderson's work with TED. He has been honored with numerous awards for his contributions to the field of communications and education and has been named one of the most influential people in the world by Time Magazine.
In addition to his role at TED, Anderson is a sought-after speaker and advisor and has been invited to speak at conferences and events worldwide. In addition, he is a regular contributor to various publications, where he shares his insights on the future of technology, business, and culture.
Overall, Chris Anderson is a respected leader and a thought leader in the field of ideas and education, and he continues to inspire and innovate in his role as Head of TED. His work has helped make TED one of the most critical and influential platforms for sharing knowledge and ideas, and his contributions to the field will continue to be felt for years.

Chris

Winston Churchill was a British statesman and politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, leading Britain through its darkest hour during World War II.
Churchill was born in 1874 and was educated at Harrow and Sandhurst. He began his career in the British Army and later transitioned into politics, serving as a Member of Parliament for over 60 years. He held several government positions throughout his career, including as the First Lord of the Admiralty, Minister of Munitions, and Secretary of State for War.
During World War II, Churchill served as Prime Minister and played a key role in leading Britain through the war. He made powerful speeches that rallied the nation and inspired the British people to keep fighting, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds. His speeches are widely considered to be some of the greatest in history, with phrases such as "Never give in, never give in, never, never, never" and "We shall fight on the beaches" becoming famous.
One of Churchill's greatest achievements as Prime Minister was his strong alliance with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Together, they led the Allied powers to victory over Nazi Germany.
After World War II, Churchill served as Prime Minister again from 1951 to 1955 but was defeated in the general election. He remained an active Member of Parliament until 1964 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his six-volume memoir of the war. He died in 1965 at the age of 90.
Churchill's legacy continues to this day, with many seeing him as a symbol of leadership, courage, and determination in the face of adversity. He is often ranked as one of the greatest British Prime Ministers, and his speeches are still studied and admired by people all over the world.
Winston Churchill was a prolific writer throughout his life, publishing books on a wide range of subjects. One of his most notable literary achievements is his six-volume memoir, The Second World War, which he wrote during and after the war. The work, which was published between 1948 and 1954, provides a detailed and personal account of the war from Churchill's perspective, including his thoughts and decisions as Prime Minister. The memoirs were international bestsellers and were praised for their historical accuracy and Churchill's literary skill.
In addition to his memoirs, Churchill also wrote several other books throughout his life. Some of his most notable works include:
<ul>
<li>"The World Crisis" (1923-1931): A five-volume work that covers the period of Churchill's life from 1911 to 1928 and includes his thoughts on World War I and its aftermath.</li>
<li>"My Early Life" (1930): An autobiographical work that covers Churchill's childhood and early career.</li>
<li>"A History of the English-Speaking Peoples" (1956-1958): A four-volume work that covers the history of the English-speaking peoples from the Anglo-Saxon period to the end of the 19th century.</li>
<li>"Painting as a Pastime" (1948): A book in which Churchill reflects on his hobby of painting and its therapeutic effects.</li>
</ul>
Churchill's books have been widely read and praised for their historical accuracy and literary merit. They provide valuable insights into the mind of one of the most important figures of the 20th century and continue to be studied and admired today.

Winston

Adam Grant is an American psychologist and author widely known for his work on the science of giving, creativity, and organizational psychology. He is the top-rated professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a former professor at the University of Michigan. His first book, Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success, was a New York Times bestseller.
Grant is a leading authority on the science of giving, creativity, and organizational psychology. He has written or co-written six books, including Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World and Option B: Facing Adversity, Building Resilience, and Finding Joy. He has also written for The New York Times, The Atlantic Monthly, Harvard Business Review, and other publications.
Grant's research focuses on how giving, taking, and exchanging advice affects an individual’s success. He has studied how to maximize the benefits of giving, how to encourage more successful collaborations, and how to foster an environment of innovation and creativity. He has also explored how to assess and develop leadership potential within organizations and how to build workplace cultures where employees are empowered to do their best work.
Grant has received numerous awards and honors, including being named one of the world's 40 most influential management thinkers by Thinkers50 in 2015, one of the world's 50 most influential management thinkers by Thinkers50 in 2018, and one of the world's most influential management gurus by The Observer in 2018. He is a recipient of the Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Mentoring and was named the Most Influential Thinker of the Decade by Poets &amp; Quants in 2020.
In addition to his academic and writing career, Grant is a frequent speaker for organizations, universities, and conferences around the world. He has presented to audiences of thousands at TEDx events, and he has been featured on television and radio programs such as The Oprah Winfrey Show, 60 Minutes, and NPR’s Fresh Air. He has also served as a visiting professor at Stanford, Cornell, and INSEAD, and he is currently a visiting professor at the London School of Economics.

Adam

Clayton E. Cramer is an American historian, author, gun enthusiast, and software engineer. He played an important early role in documenting errors in the book Arming America by Michael A. Bellesiles, a book that was later proven to be based on fraudulent research. His work was cited by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas in United States v. Emerson, 46 F.Supp.2d 598 (N.D.Tex. 1999). His research also informed the Supreme Court decision in the Second Amendment cases District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago.&nbsp;
He holds an MA in history from Sonoma State University. He currently resides in Horseshoe Bend, Idaho, near Boise. In 1996, while working on his master's thesis, Cramer read a paper by Bellesiles on early gun laws, published in the Journal of American History. This paper formed a basis for Bellesiles' later book, Arming America. Cramer's thesis "examined the development of concealed weapon laws in the early Republic," and he was struck by how Bellesiles' paper contradicted his own knowledge of gun availability in early America.&nbsp;
However, at the time, Cramer attributed the contradiction to Bellesiles, having picked differing sources from those that Cramer himself knew well. Cramer was later sent an early review copy of Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture. Upon reading it, Cramer immediately noted significant discrepancies with what he knew of American history, particularly at the time of the American Revolution. He began checking facts and discovered that many of Bellesiles' citations and quotes did not match the historical record.&nbsp;
"I sat down with a list of bizarre, amazing claims that Bellesiles had made and started chasing down the citations at Sonoma State University’s library. I found quotations out of context that completely reversed the author’s original intent. I found the dates changed. I found the text of statutes changed — and the changes completely reversed the meaning of the law. It took me twelve hours of hunting before I found a citation that was completely correct."
Cramer's research encountered resistance from journal editors and other historians, but he continued alleging fraud against Bellesiles' scholarship. Other historians, including James Lindgren of Northwestern University, supported Cramer's claims, and Emory University conducted an investigation that was strongly critical of Bellesiles' ethical standards. Bellesiles resigned from his position at Emory on the day the report was released. On December 13, 2002, Bellesiles' Bancroft Prize was revoked by the Columbia University Board of Trustees.
Cramer has written a regular column on gun owners' rights and related issues for Shotgun News. Clayton also manages an online blog titled ‘Civilian Gun Self-Defense Blog,’ which records civilian use of firearms in self-defense by citing news articles across the nation. He also manages a personal website and personal blog, which includes links to his books, journal articles, and other publications. Cramer's scholarly papers can be found on the Social Science Resource Network.&nbsp;
In 2008, Cramer ran for Idaho State Senator from District 22 as a Republican but was defeated in the primary. Besides his research and publications on gun owners' rights and American history, Cramer also has a strong personal interest in the treatment of the mentally ill. He is critical of the recent policy of making an involuntary commitment of seriously mentally ill persons extremely difficult.&nbsp;
He has researched and compiled a book explaining the origins of this policy and its present-day effects. Cramer is also an avid amateur astronomer. He has developed a system of lockable wheels for heavy telescope mountings, which he dubbed "ScopeRoller." He manufactures ScopeRoller in his home machine shop for sale to other amateur astronomers.

Clayton

Jordan Peterson is a Canadian clinical psychologist, cultural critic, and professor of psychology at the University of Toronto. He first gained widespread recognition in 2016 with the publication of his book "12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos," which became a best-seller and sparked a global conversation about personal responsibility, masculinity, and the nature of meaning in life.
Peterson's ideas and teachings center around the idea of personal responsibility and self-improvement. He encourages individuals to take responsibility for their own lives and to strive for self-actualization rather than relying on external factors to create meaning and purpose in life. He is known for his critiques of political correctness and what he views as a lack of individual responsibility in society. He is also known for his views on masculinity and the role of men in society.
Peterson is a practicing clinical psychologist who has written extensively on personality and the psychological foundations of human behavior. He has also written about the intersection of psychology and religion and has been critical of postmodernism and Marxism.
Peterson has been a controversial figure, with some seeing him as a champion of free speech and individual rights, while others see him as promoting regressive and harmful ideas. He has faced criticism for his views on gender and race and for his opposition to certain government policies related to these issues.
In addition to his writing and speaking engagements, Peterson has also conducted research on the role of personality in mental health and has been involved in a number of clinical studies. He is also a popular lecturer and has given many public talks on a wide range of topics related to psychology, philosophy, and culture.
Peterson is a well-known figure in the cultural and intellectual landscape, known for his ideas on personal responsibility, self-improvement, and the nature of meaning in life, as well as his critiques of political correctness and certain government policies. Despite his critics, his impact is undeniable. His books and lectures have helped many people to improve themselves and their lives.
In addition to his books and lectures, Jordan Peterson also has a popular YouTube channel where he posts videos on a variety of topics, including psychology, philosophy, and cultural criticism. He is also active on social media, where he engages with his followers and shares his thoughts and ideas.
Peterson's influence extends beyond the academic and intellectual spheres. His ideas have resonated with a wide range of people, from young men seeking guidance on how to navigate the complexities of modern life to professionals looking for ways to improve their personal and professional lives. He has also been a vocal advocate for fathers' importance and encouraged men to take responsibility for their families and communities.
In 2019, Peterson announced that he was suffering from an addiction to benzodiazepines and that he would be taking a leave of absence from his work to focus on his recovery. In 2020, he announced that he was also suffering from a serious case of pneumonia and had to undergo chemotherapy, which left him with many health complications. Despite this, Peterson continues to publish new content, write and speak in interviews, showing great resilience and determination.
In summary, Jordan Peterson is a well-known figure in the cultural and intellectual landscape, known for his ideas on personal responsibility, self-improvement, and the nature of meaning in life. His books and lectures have helped many people to improve themselves and their lives. He is also active on YouTube and social media and continues to publish new content and speak in interviews despite his health issues.

Jordan

Nathan Jacobson (October 5, 1910 – December 5, 1999) was an American mathematician. Born Nachman Arbiser in Warsaw, Jacobson emigrated to America with his family in 1918. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1930 and was awarded a doctorate in mathematics from Princeton University in 1934. While working on his thesis, Non-commutative polynomials and cyclic algebras, he was advised by Joseph Wedderburn.
Jacobson taught and researched at Bryn Mawr College (1935–1936), the University of Chicago (1936–1937), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1937–1943), and Johns Hopkins University (1943–1947) before joining Yale University in 1947. He remained at Yale until his retirement.
He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served as president of the American Mathematical Society from 1971 to 1973, and was awarded their highest honour, the Leroy P. Steele prize for lifetime achievement, in 1998. He was also vice-president of the International Mathematical Union from 1972 to 1974.

Nathan

Dr. Michael Greger is a physician, author, and internationally recognized speaker on a number of important public health issues. He is a founding member and Fellow of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine and a founding member of the American College of Nutrition.
Dr. Greger has appeared on the Dr. Oz Show and the Colbert Report, and his work has been featured in the New York Times and the Washington Post. He is the author of How Not to Die and the internationally bestselling book How Not to Die Cookbook. He is also the host of the popular weekly nutrition podcast, NutritionFacts.org.
Dr. Greger graduated from the Tufts University School of Medicine and was trained in internal medicine and nutrition science at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. He is board certified in general internal medicine and nutrition.
Dr. Greger is a strong proponent of whole food and plant-based nutrition and encourages people to focus on their diets as a primary way to improve their health. His nonprofit organization, NutritionFacts.org, provides free, science-based information about nutrition and health.
Dr. Greger is a regular contributor to the Journal of the American Medical Association. His work has appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine, the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, and the British Medical Journal. He has given talks at numerous events and conferences, including the World Health Organization, the American College of Physicians, and the American Heart Association. He has also appeared on numerous television programs, including The Dr. Oz Show, The Colbert Report, The Today Show, and The Dr. Phil Show.
Dr. Greger is a leader in the field of nutrition and health and is passionate about helping people live healthier and longer lives. He has received numerous awards and honors, including being named as one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine in 2012. He is a strong advocate for the use of evidence-based nutrition to prevent and treat chronic diseases.

Dr. Michael

Lester Russel Brown is an American environmentalist, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C. BBC Radio commentator Peter Day calls him "one of the great pioneer environmentalists."In the mid-1970s, Brown helped pioneer the concept of sustainable development during a career that started with farming.&nbsp;
As early as 1978, in his book The Twenty-Ninth Day, he was already warning of "the various dangers arising out of our manhandling of nature...by overfishing the oceans, stripping the forests, turning land into desert." In 1986, the Library of Congress requested his personal papers noting that his writings “have already strongly affected thinking about problems of world population and resources.”
He has been the recipient of many prizes and awards, including the 1987 United Nations Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "contributions to solving global environmental problems."Excerpted from Wikipedia.

Lester

Mike Berners-Lee is an English researcher and writer on carbon footprinting. He is a professor and fellow of the Institute for Social Futures at Lancaster University and director and principal consultant of Small World Consulting, based in the Lancaster Environment Centre at the university. His books include How Bad are Bananas?, The Burning Question and There Is No Planet B. He is considered an expert on carbon footprints.&nbsp;
He is the son of Mary Lee Woods and Conway Berners-Lee; one of his brothers is computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee. He graduated in Physics from University of Oxford in 1986, gained a PGCE in Physics and Outdoor Education at Bangor University in 1988, and has a Masters in Organisation Development and Consulting from Sheffield Hallam University (2001).

Mike

Paul Embrechts is a Professor of Mathematics at the ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich), where he teaches insurance and financial mathematics.
He was born on February 3, 1953, in Schoten, Belgium. He received his mathematics diploma from the University of Antwerp, and his doctorate from the Catholic University of Leuven, and, prior to joining the ETH Zurich in 1989, taught at the Universities of London (Imperial College) and Limburg (Belgium). He has published extensively in the areas of probability, insurance, and finance and co-authored several books, including standard texts on extreme value theory and quantitative risk management.
His current research interests include quantitative risk management, financial and insurance regulation, and extreme value theory. He is an associate editor for (among others) Finance and Stochastics and Insurance: Mathematics and Economics. He is a regular keynote speaker at international conferences and holds numerous academic and industrial positions. A detailed biography is to be found on his personal website.

Paul

Paul Graham is an entrepreneur, programmer, and essayist. He is the co-founder of Y Combinator, a startup accelerator that has funded over 2,000 companies including Dropbox, Airbnb, and Reddit. His career has been focused on technology and startups. He began his career as a programmer and software developer, working on various projects and startups. In 1995, he co-founded Viaweb, one of the first web-based companies that allowed users to create their own online stores. The company was later sold to Yahoo in 1998 for $49 million.
After the sale of Viaweb, Graham turned his attention to startup investing and mentoring. In 2005, he co-founded Y Combinator, a startup accelerator that provides funding, resources, and mentorship to early-stage startups. Y Combinator has since funded over 2,000 companies, many of which have gone on to become successful and valuable companies, such as Dropbox, Airbnb, and Reddit.
Paul Graham has several notable achievements in his career, including:
<ul>
<li>Co-founding Viaweb: Viaweb was one of the first web-based companies that allowed users to create their own online stores. The company was later sold to Yahoo in 1998 for $49 million.</li>
<li>Fellowship at Harvard's Society of Fellows: Graham is a Fellow at Harvard's Society of Fellows, a prestigious group of scholars who receive funding and support to pursue their research.</li>
<li>Helping launch successful startups: Graham has helped launch many successful startups through Y Combinator and has mentored many entrepreneurs. Some of the successful companies that came out of Y Combinator include Dropbox, Airbnb, and Reddit.</li>
</ul>
In addition to his work with Y Combinator, Graham is also known for his essays on technology and startups. He has written extensively on the startup ecosystem, the role of technology in society, and the future of the internet. His essays have been collected in two books, "Hackers &amp; Painters" and "Ansi Common Lisp." He continues to share his thoughts and insights on his website, paulgraham.com.

Hope Bohanec has been active in animal protection and environmental activism for thirty years and published The Ultimate Betrayal: Is There Happy Meat? She is the executive director of Compassionate Living and the host of the Hope for the Animals podcast.
Hope co-founded the Humane Hoax Project and the Ahimsa Living Project and has organized numerous online and in-person events, including the Humane Hoax Online Conference, the Humane Hoax Chicken Webinar, and the Sonoma County VegFest.
Over the last three decades, Hope has worked for the national non-profits United Poultry Concerns and In Defense of Animals and has contributed chapters to two anthologies.

Hope

Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, and political activist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential intellectuals of the second half of the 20th century and one of the leading figures in linguistics. He is the author of more than 100 books on linguistics, war and politics, and mass media.
Chomsky is best known for his theory of generative grammar, which argues that the ability to learn and use language is innate and hardwired into the human brain. This theory has significantly impacted linguistics and influenced research in other fields, such as cognitive science and neuroscience.
In addition to his linguistics work, Chomsky is known for his political activism and critiques of U.S. foreign policy and capitalism. He has strongly criticized U.S. imperialism, U.S. interventions in Latin America, and U.S. support for authoritarian regimes. He has also written and spoken extensively about the role of the mass media in shaping public opinion and serving the interests of the powerful. In addition, Chomsky has advocated freedom of speech and democracy.
He is also known for criticizing the mainstream media and its role in shaping public opinion. He argues that the mainstream media serves the interests of the powerful rather than providing citizens with the information they need to make informed decisions about general issues. He has advocated for alternative media and independent journalism beholden to corporate or government interests.
Chomsky has significantly influenced the political left and peace and social justice movements. He has been described as "arguably the most important intellectual alive" by the New York Times and continues to be a prominent public intellectual and influential voice in political discourse.
In his political activism, Chomsky has been a vocal advocate for freedom of speech and democracy. He has advocated for alternative media and independent journalism not beholden to corporate or government interests. Chomsky has been critical of the mainstream media's role in shaping public opinion and often criticized the role of media in manufacturing consent.
Chomsky has been influential on the political left and has impacted various social movements and progressive causes. He advocates for workers' rights and has spoken out against poverty, inequality, and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the few. He has also been a vocal critic of the influence of corporate governance on politics and the democratic process.
He is also an advocate for peace and is a strong critic of U.S. military interventions and wars, arguing that these actions often result in the loss of lives and civil liberties, as well as hindering the progress of democracy around the world. Chomsky has also been a vocal critic of the War on Terror, arguing that the "war" has been used to justify a wide range of human rights abuses and has hindered the progress of democracy worldwide.
In summary, Chomsky is an influential voice in political discourse, and his activism and writing often focus on democracy, human rights, and media manipulation. He is a strong advocate for social and political change, and his work continues to inspire and inform many progressive political movements.

Noam

Barbara Freese is an environmental attorney and writer with a particular focus on climate change, energy policy, and corporate social responsibility. She is a former Minnesota assistant attorney general and a former senior policy analyst for the Union of Concerned Scientists. She has represented various environmental and clean energy nonprofit groups working to protect the climate.&nbsp;
Her first book, Coal: A Human History, is a New York Times Notable Book. Her latest book is Industrial-Strength Denial: Eight Stories of Corporations Defending the Indefensible, from the Slave Trade to Climate Change. She lives in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Barbara

Garrett James Hardin was an American ecologist. He focused his career on the issue of human overpopulation and is best known for his exposition of the tragedy of the commons in a 1968 paper of the same title in Science, which called attention to "the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment." He is also known for Hardin's First Law of Human Ecology: "We can never do merely one thing. Any intrusion into nature has numerous effects, many of which are unpredictable." &nbsp;
Garrett held hardline anti-immigrant positions as well as positions on eugenics and multiethnic that have led multiple sources to label him a white nationalist. The Southern Poverty Law Center called his publications "frank in their racism and quasi-fascist ethnonationalism." Hardin received a BS in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1936 and a Ph.D. in microbiology from Stanford University in 1941, where his dissertation research addressed symbiosis among microorganisms.&nbsp;
Moving to the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1946, he served there as a Professor of Human Ecology from 1963 until his (nominal) retirement in 1978. He was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. A major focus of his career, and one to which he returned repeatedly, was the issue of human overpopulation. This led to writings on controversial subjects such as advocating abortion rights, which earned him criticism from the political right, and advocating strict limits to all immigration, which earned him criticism from the political left.&nbsp;
In his essays, he also tackled subjects such as conservation and creationism. He was also a proponent of eugenics and a vice president of the American Eugenics Society. In 1968, Hardin applied his conceptual model developed in his essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" to human population growth, the use of the Earth's natural resources, and the welfare state. His essay cited an 1833 pamphlet by the English economist William Forster Lloyd which included an example of herders sharing a common parcel of land, which would lead to overgrazing.
Hardin blamed the welfare state for allowing the tragedy of the commons; where the state provides for children and supports over-breeding as a fundamental human right, Malthusian catastrophe is inevitable. Hardin stated in his analysis of the tragedy of the commons that "Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all."  Environmental historians Joachim Radkau, Alfred Thomas Grove, and Oliver Rackham criticized Hardin "as an American with no notion at all how Commons actually work."
In addition, Hardin's pessimistic outlook was subsequently contradicted by Elinor Ostrom's later work on the success of cooperative structures like the management of common land, for which she shared the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson. In contrast to Hardin, they stated neither commons nor "Allende" in the generic nor classical meaning is bound to fail; to the contrary, "the wealth of the commons" has gained renewed interest in the scientific community.&nbsp;
Hardin's work was also criticized as historically inaccurate in failing to account for the demographic transition and for failing to distinguish between common property and open-access resources. Despite the criticisms, the theory has nonetheless been influential. In 1993, Garrett Hardin published Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos, which he described at the time as a summation of all his previous works.&nbsp;
The book won the 1993 Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science. In the book, he argues that the natural sciences are grounded in the concept of limits (such as the speed of light). In contrast, social sciences, such as economics, are grounded in concepts that have no limits (such as the widespread "infinite-Earth" economic models).&nbsp;
He notes that most of the more notable scientific (as opposed to political) debates concerning ecological economics are between natural scientists, such as Paul R. Ehrlich, and economists, such as Julian Simon, one of Ehrlich's most well-known and vocal detractors. A strong theme throughout the book is that economics, as a discipline, can be as much about mythology and ideology as it is about real science.

Garrett

Keith

A highly readable examination by a leading scientist of the physical, psychological, and moral effects of inequality. The levels of inequality in the world today are on a scale that had not been seen in our lifetimes, yet the disparity between rich and poor has ramifications that extend far beyond mere financial means. In The Broken Ladder psychologist Keith Payne examines how inequality divides us not just economically; it also has profound consequences on how we think, and how we respond to stress.

Barack Obama is a former American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have held office and the first to have been elected to two consecutive terms. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, on August 4, 1961, to a Kenyan father and an American mother.
Barack Obama attended Harvard Law School, where he graduated with honors in 1991. He then practiced law in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Obama was elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1996 and to the U.S. Senate in 2004. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election and won the election with over 52% of the popular vote.
As President, Obama was known for his progressive policies and his ability to bring people together to tackle difficult issues. He passed the Affordable Care Act, providing health care to millions of Americans and expanding access to preventative care. He also signed the Paris Climate Agreement, which committed the U.S. to reduce carbon emissions.
Obama's foreign policy focused on counter-terrorism, the use of drones, and the promotion of democracy and human rights. He was instrumental in the US-led campaign against ISIS in Iraq and Syria and in the US-led nuclear deal with Iran. He was also a strong advocate for LGBT rights, and his administration supported marriage equality.
Barack Obama left office with a high approval rating, seen by many as a successful two-term President. He is now a public speaker, author, and philanthropist. In 2019, Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to promote nuclear disarmament and world peace.
Barack Obama is also a strong supporter of education and has been vocal about the importance of education reform. He increased funding for Pell Grants and supported the expansion of college access and affordability. He also championed the expansion of Head Start, a program that helps children from low-income families prepare for school.
In addition to his work in politics and government, Obama is a bestselling author. His books include Dreams From My Father, The Audacity of Hope, and A Promised Land. He also founded the Obama Foundation, which works to inspire and empower citizens to create change in their own communities.

Barack

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In The Broken Ladder, Keith Payne explores the profound effects of economic and social inequality on individuals and societies. He shows that inequality isn't just about the size of our bank accounts, but also how we think, how we feel, and how we behave.

Understanding the Impact of Inequality

Payne digs into the psychological effects of inequality, explaining how it can lead to stress, resentment, and even violence. He shows that when people feel they are less than others, it can lead to harmful behaviors and negative health outcomes.

The Psychological Effects of Inequality

The Broken Ladder takes a look at how our perception of inequality is often more important than the actual reality. Payne explains that even if we're not poor, feeling poor can have the same negative effects on our health and happiness.

The Role of Perception in Inequality

Payne also explores the role of inequality in politics. He finds that it can lead to polarization, with people more likely to adopt extreme political views when they feel economically disadvantaged.

Inequality and Politics

Finally, The Broken Ladder doesn't just identify the problems of inequality, it also offers solutions. Payne suggests that by understanding the psychological effects of inequality, we can create policies and practices that help reduce its harmful effects.

Solutions to Inequality

The Broken Ladder

Keith Payne is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. As an international leader in the psychology of inequality and discrimination, his research has been featured in THE ATLANTIC, THE NEW YORK TIMES and on NPR, and he has written for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and PSYCHOLOGY TODAY.

Keith Payne

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The Broken Ladder

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The Broken Ladder

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