Carlo Collodi

Carlo Lorenzini was an Italian author, humourist, and journalist widely known for his fairy tale novel The Adventures of Pinocchio. Collodi was born in Florence on 24 November 1826. His mother, Angiolina Orzali Lorenzini, was a seamstress from Collodi, the town from which he later took the pen name, and his father, Domenico Lorenzini, was a cook. Both parents worked for the marchese Ginori Lisci. 

Carlo was the eldest child in the family, and he had ten siblings, but seven died at a young age. He spent most of his childhood in the town of Collodi, where his mother was born. He lived there with his maternal grandmother. After attending primary school, he was sent to study at a theological seminary in Colle Val d’Elsa. An account at the seminary shows that the marchese had offered financial aid, but the boy found that he did not want to be a priest, so he continued his education at the College of the Scolopi Fathers in Florence. 

In 1844 he started working at the Florentine bookstore Libreria Piatti, where he assisted Giuseppe Aiazzi, a prominent Italian manuscript specialist. During the Italian Wars of Independence in 1848 and 1860, Collodi served as a volunteer with the Tuscan army. His active interest in political matters may be seen in his earliest literary works and in the founding of the satirical newspaper Il Lampione in 1853. This newspaper was censored by order of the grand duke of Tuscany. 

In 1854, he published his second newspaper, Lo Scaramuccia ("The Controversy"). Lorenzini's first publications were in his periodicals. A debut came in 1856 with the play Gli amici di casa and parodic guidebook Un romanzo in vapor, both 1856. By 1860, he published his first notable work called Il signor Alberi ha ragione! (Mr. Alberi Is Right!), which outlined his political and cultural vision of Italy. This is the text where Lorenzini started using the Collodi pseudonym taken from his mother's hometown.

Collodi had also begun intense activity on other political newspapers such as Il Fanfulla; at the same time, he was employed by the Censorship Commission for the Theatre. During this period, he composed various satirical sketches and stories (sometimes simply by collating earlier articles), including Macchiette (1880), Occhi e nasi (1881), and Storie allegre (1887).

Collodi became disenchanted with Italian politics afterward, so he turned to children's literature, and his first works involved translating French fairy tales into Italian. In 1875, for instance, he completed Racconti delle fate, a translation of French fairy tales by Charles Perrault. In 1876 Collodi wrote Giannettino (inspired by Alessandro Luigi Parravicini's Giannetto), the Minuzzolo, and Il viaggio per l'Italia di Giannettino. This pedagogic series explored the unification of Italy through the ironic thoughts and actions of the character Giannettino.

Lorenzini became fascinated by the idea of using an amiable, rascal character to express his own convictions through allegory. In 1880, he began writing Storia di un batting (Story of a Marionette), also called Le avventure di Pinocchio, which was published weekly in Giornale per I bambini. Pinocchio was adapted into a 1940 film by Disney that is considered to be one of Disney's greatest films.

Collodi died suddenly in Florence on 26 October 1890 at the age of 63 and is interred at Cimitero Monumentale Delle Porte Sante in Florence. The National Carlo Collodi Foundation was established to promote education and the works of Collodi, and the Park of Pinocchio attracts many visitors each year.