Ezra F. Vogel

Ezra Feivel Vogel (traditional Chinese: 傅高義; simplified Chinese: 傅高义; pinyin: Fù Gāoyì; July 11, 1930 — December 20, 2020) was an American sociologist who wrote prolifically on modern Japan, China, and Korea, and worked both in academia and the public sphere. He was Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University.

His 1978 book Japan as Number One: Lessons for America was a best-seller in both English and Japanese, and his 2011 book Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China won the Lionel Gelber Prize. Ezra Vogel was born to Joseph and Edith Vogel, a family of Jewish immigrants, in 1930 in Delaware, Ohio. As a child, he helped his father in the family's clothing store, which was called The People's Store. He graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1950. He maintained close ties with his alma mater for the rest of his life, donating royalties from his books and returning to campus frequently. While at Ohio Wesleyan, Vogel was a member of the Beta Sigma Tau fraternity (later merged with the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity).

He was drafted to serve two years in the U.S. Army without seeing combat during the Korean War. The service involved working for a psychiatric unit of a military hospital. After discharge, Vogel enrolled in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard and graduated with his Ph.D. in 1958. His advisor was Talcott Parsons. After two years of fieldwork in Japan, he worked as an assistant professor at Yale University from 1960–1961 but returned to Harvard for post-doctoral work on Chinese language and history. He was appointed as a Lecturer in 1964, later becoming a tenured professor; he remained at Harvard until his retirement.

Vogel was involved with several research groups during his career. He was director of Harvard's East Asian Research Center from 1972–1977 and Chairman of the Council for East Asian Studies from 1977–1980. He also was director of the Program on US–Japan Relations at the Center for International Affairs from 1980–1987 and was named Honorary Director upon stepping down. He was Director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies from 1973–1975 and 1995–1999. He was the founding director of the Asia Center (1997–1999). He retired on June 30, 2000.

Vogel was married to Charlotte Ikels, a professor of anthropology at Case Western University. He had three children with his first wife, Suzanne Hall Vogel: David, Steven (who became a political scientist), and Eve. Vogel died in Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 20, 2020. He was 90 years old. Vogel published dozens of articles, reviews, conference papers, and books on China, Japan, and American–East Asian relations and organized scholarly and policy conferences. He headed the undergraduate East Asian Studies concentration (major) at Harvard.

After editing a book of readings on the sociology of the family, Vogel published his first book, Japan’s New Middle Class (1963; 2nd ed.1971), using ethnographic research he and his wife Suzanne carried out through interviews and observation in a Tokyo suburb between 1950–1960. Their goal was to understand the life of the "salary man" and his family, a new group that had emerged after the war. Vogel then turned from ethnography to China-watching. He studied the Chinese language, read newspapers and documents, and conducted interviews in Hong Kong. 

Canton Under Communism (1969) was a detailed description of regional government and politics in Guangdong. His 1979 book, Japan as Number One, described those areas where Japan had been successful and the United States less so. “Most Japanese understate their successes because they are innately modest," he wrote, and "more purposive Japanese, wanting to rally domestic forces or to reduce foreign pressures, have chosen to dramatize Japan’s potential disasters.” 

On the American side, he continued, "our confidence in the superiority of Western civilization and our desire to see ourselves as number one makes it difficult to acknowledge that we have practical things to learn.” The book's translation into Japanese was a best-seller, arousing debate among American scholars of Japan.

Vogel's later areas of research included industrialization, changes in family structure, political change, and security issues in South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and East Asia overall. In Beijing, he began to study Deng Xiaoping, following extensive interviews with Deng's economic adviser Yu Guangyuan. Vogel co-translated Yu's memoir on China's economic reform and used it as a roadmap to his thinking on Deng. 

He continued publishing after his retirement: his last two books were Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (2011) and China and Japan: Facing History (2019). He contributed his royalties from the Chinese translation of this Deng political biography to his alma mater, Ohio Wesleyan, to promote international study and travel. The University estimated the contribution to be over $500,000.