Mahatma Gandhi, also known as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was a political and spiritual leader of India who was the primary leader of India's non-violent, non-cooperative independence movement against British colonial rule. He was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, India.
Gandhi was educated in Britain, where he studied law and became a barrister. After returning to India, he struggled to establish a successful law practice but eventually found work with an Indian firm in South Africa. It was during his time in South Africa that Gandhi first began to develop his philosophy of non-violent resistance, which would later become the cornerstone of his political and spiritual beliefs.
In 1915, Gandhi returned to India and quickly became involved in the Indian independence movement. He led nationwide campaigns for various social causes and for achieving Swaraj or self-rule. He became a major leader of the Indian National Congress and was at the forefront of the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Salt Satyagraha. He was arrested many times by the British government for his activities and spent a total of over 7 years in prison.
Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience was deeply influenced by his Hindu and Jain spiritual beliefs, as well as the teachings of Jesus, Buddha, and other religious figures. He believed that non-violence was the only way to achieve political and social change, and he encouraged his followers to use non-violent means to resist British rule. He also advocated for the abolition of caste discrimination, the upliftment of the untouchables, the promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity, and the end of poverty.
Gandhi's philosophy and tactics of non-violence and civil disobedience had a profound impact on the Indian independence movement and on the world at large. His ideas influenced leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, and his legacy continues to inspire people around the world to this day. He was assassinated on January 30, 1948, by a Hindu nationalist who opposed his policies of non-violence and religious tolerance.
In India, Gandhi is widely considered to be the Father of the Nation, and his birthday, October 2nd, is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday. He is also remembered and celebrated globally as an icon of non-violent resistance and civil rights. His teachings and life philosophy still continue to inspire many people around the world to fight for their rights and freedom peacefully.
In addition to his political activities, Gandhi was also a writer and journalist. He wrote extensively on a wide range of topics, including politics, religion, social issues, and his own personal thoughts and experiences. He wrote several books, including "An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth" and "Hind Swaraj," which is considered a classic of Indian political thought. He also edited several newspapers, including "Young India" and "Harijan." Through his writing, Gandhi was able to reach a wide audience and spread his message of non-violence, civil disobedience, and social reform.
Gandhi's life and work were not without controversy. While many people admired him and followed his philosophy, others criticized him for being too moderate and for not doing enough to end British rule. He also faced criticism from some members of India's Muslim community for not doing more to protect their rights and interests. In addition, his stance on caste and his criticism of traditional Hindu practices such as Untouchability also faced criticism from some sections of society.
Despite this, Gandhi's legacy continues to inspire people around the world. He is remembered for his commitment to non-violence, his belief in the power of ordinary people to bring about change, and his willingness to stand up for what he believed in, even in the face of adversity. His ideas and tactics have been used in civil rights and freedom movements around the world, and his life and work continue to be studied and admired by people of all ages and backgrounds.

Mahatma

Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan OBE FRSL (15 May 1934 – 2 August 2012) was an English military historian, lecturer, author, and journalist. He wrote many published works on the nature of combat between prehistory and the 21st century, covering land, air, maritime, intelligence warfare, and the psychology of battle.&nbsp;
Keegan was born in Clapham to an Irish World War One veteran and was evacuated to Somerset when World War Two broke out. At the age of 13, Keegan contracted orthopedic tuberculosis, which subsequently affected his gait. The long-term effects of this rendered him unfit for military service, and the timing of his birth made him too young for service in the Second World War, facts he mentioned in his works as an ironic observation of his profession and interests.&nbsp;
The illness also interrupted his education in his teenage years. However, it included a period at King's College, Taunton, and two years at Wimbledon College, which led to entry to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1953, where he read history with an emphasis on war theory. After graduation, he worked at the American Embassy in London for three years.
In 1960 Keegan took up a lectureship in military history at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, which trains officers for the British Army. He remained there for 26 years, becoming a senior lecturer in military history during his tenure. He also held a visiting professorship at Princeton University and was Delmas Distinguished Professor of History at Vassar College.
Leaving the academy in 1986, Keegan joined the Daily Telegraph as a defense correspondent and stayed with the paper as defense editor until his death. He also wrote for the conservative American publication National Review Online. In 1998, he wrote and presented the BBC's Reith Lectures, entitling them War in our World. Keegan died on 2 August 2012 of natural causes at his home in Kilmington, Wiltshire. He was survived by his wife, their two daughters, and two sons.
In A History of Warfare, Keegan outlined the development and limitations of warfare from prehistory to the modern era. It looked at various topics, including the use of horses, logistics, and "fire." A key concept put forward was that war is inherently cultural. In the introduction, he vigorously denounced the idiom "war is a continuation of policy by other means," rejecting "Clausewitzian" ideas. However, Keegan's discussion of Clausewitz was criticized as uninformed and inaccurate by writers like Peter Paret, Christopher Bassford, and Richard M. Swain.
Other books written by Keegan are The Iraq War, Intelligence in War, The First World War, The Second World War, The Battle for History, The Face of Battle, War and Our World, The Mask of Command, and Fields of Battle.
He also contributed to work on historiography in modern conflict. With Richard Holmes, he wrote the BBC documentary Soldiers: A History of Men in Battle. Frank C. Mahncke wrote that Keegan is seen as "among the most prominent and widely read military historians of the late twentieth century." In a book-cover blurb extracted from a more complex article, Sir Michael Howard wrote, "at once the most readable and the most original of living historians."

John

Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) was an urban writer and activist who championed new, community-based approaches to planning for over 40 years. Her 1961 treatise, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, became one of the most influential American texts about cities' inner workings and failings, inspiring generations of urban planners and activists.&nbsp;
Her efforts to stop downtown expressways and protect local neighborhoods invigorated community-based urban activism and helped end Parks Commissioner Robert Moses's reign of power in New York City. Jacobs had no professional training in the field of city planning, nor did she hold the title of planner. Instead, she relied on her observations and common sense to show why certain places work and what can be done to improve those that do not.&nbsp;
With PPS mentor William H. Whyte, Jacobs advocated for a place-based, community-centered approach to urban planning decades before such approaches were considered sensible. William "Holly" Whyte was her editor at Fortune Magazine, who published her seminal article "Downtown is for People" (1958)--the piece that inspired the Rockefeller Foundation to fund her to write The Death and Life of Great American Cities.

Jane

Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, and political activist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential intellectuals of the second half of the 20th century and one of the leading figures in linguistics. He is the author of more than 100 books on linguistics, war and politics, and mass media.
Chomsky is best known for his theory of generative grammar, which argues that the ability to learn and use language is innate and hardwired into the human brain. This theory has significantly impacted linguistics and influenced research in other fields, such as cognitive science and neuroscience.
In addition to his linguistics work, Chomsky is known for his political activism and critiques of U.S. foreign policy and capitalism. He has strongly criticized U.S. imperialism, U.S. interventions in Latin America, and U.S. support for authoritarian regimes. He has also written and spoken extensively about the role of the mass media in shaping public opinion and serving the interests of the powerful. In addition, Chomsky has advocated freedom of speech and democracy.
He is also known for criticizing the mainstream media and its role in shaping public opinion. He argues that the mainstream media serves the interests of the powerful rather than providing citizens with the information they need to make informed decisions about general issues. He has advocated for alternative media and independent journalism beholden to corporate or government interests.
Chomsky has significantly influenced the political left and peace and social justice movements. He has been described as "arguably the most important intellectual alive" by the New York Times and continues to be a prominent public intellectual and influential voice in political discourse.
In his political activism, Chomsky has been a vocal advocate for freedom of speech and democracy. He has advocated for alternative media and independent journalism not beholden to corporate or government interests. Chomsky has been critical of the mainstream media's role in shaping public opinion and often criticized the role of media in manufacturing consent.
Chomsky has been influential on the political left and has impacted various social movements and progressive causes. He advocates for workers' rights and has spoken out against poverty, inequality, and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the few. He has also been a vocal critic of the influence of corporate governance on politics and the democratic process.
He is also an advocate for peace and is a strong critic of U.S. military interventions and wars, arguing that these actions often result in the loss of lives and civil liberties, as well as hindering the progress of democracy around the world. Chomsky has also been a vocal critic of the War on Terror, arguing that the "war" has been used to justify a wide range of human rights abuses and has hindered the progress of democracy worldwide.
In summary, Chomsky is an influential voice in political discourse, and his activism and writing often focus on democracy, human rights, and media manipulation. He is a strong advocate for social and political change, and his work continues to inspire and inform many progressive political movements.

Noam

Walter Isaacson is an American author and journalist best known for his biographies of Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, Steve Jobs, and other iconic personalities. He is the president and CEO of the Aspen Institute, a nonpartisan educational and policy studies organization based in Washington, D.C.
Isaacson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1952 and educated at Harvard University and the University of Oxford. He began his career in journalism at The Sunday Times of London and then as a political writer for TIME magazine, where he served as managing editor from 1995 to 2001 and editor from 2001 to 2002.
In 2003, Isaacson published his first book, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, which was both critically and commercially successful and won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for biography. His second book, Einstein: His Life and Universe, was published in 2007 and was a New York Times Best Seller.
In 2011, Isaacson published his biography of Apple’s co-founder, Steve Jobs, which was a critical and commercial success. The book, which was excerpted in TIME, was optioned for a movie by Sony Pictures. In 2013, he released The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution, which was a New York Times Best Seller.
In addition to his books, Isaacson has written for The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The New Yorker. He has appeared on television programs such as The Colbert Report, The Daily Show, and Real Time with Bill Maher.
Isaacson is a prolific speaker, delivering keynotes at organizations such as Google, Microsoft, the National Academy of Sciences, the National Constitution Center, the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and many others. He is a member of the American Philosophical Society and the Council on Foreign Relations.
Isaacson is also a board member of several non-profit organizations, such as Teach for America, the National Constitution Center, the Aspen Institute, and the Brookings Institution. He is a former chair of the Broadcasting Board of Governors, which oversees the Voice of America and other international broadcasting outlets.
In 2015, Isaacson was appointed to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology by President Barack Obama. He is also a member of the G7 Task Force on the Digital Economy.
Isaacson is a frequent contributor to various media outlets, including NPR’s Morning Edition, and he has been featured on the cover of Newsweek and TIME. He has received numerous awards and honors, including the Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism, the Henry Luce Award, the Digital Book World Award for Non-Fiction, and the World Technology Award for Media.

Walter

Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was born in 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then a part of South Africa's Cape Province. Mandela became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the African National Congress (ANC) in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. He was arrested in 1962, convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island.
Following his release in 1990, Mandela led the ANC in negotiations with the ruling National Party to end apartheid and establish multi-racial elections in 1994, in which he was elected President. Nelson Mandela was the President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black President of South Africa and the first to be elected in a fully representative democratic election.
As President, Mandela worked to combat poverty and inequality and promote reconciliation between South Africa's racial groups. He also sought to improve the lives of the country's black majority by implementing policies such as affirmative action and land reform.
During his Presidency, Mandela also sought to improve South Africa's international relations and played a crucial role in promoting peace and stability on the African continent. He also worked to secure a peaceful transition in neighboring Namibia and helped to broker a power-sharing agreement in Burundi. After one term, he stepped down from Presidency.
Nelson Mandela retired from politics in 1999. He had previously announced his intention to retire before the end of his term, stating that he wanted to ensure a peaceful and orderly transition of power.
After his retirement, Mandela continued to advocate for social causes, particularly those related to children, education, and the fight against HIV/AIDS. He also remained a respected figure in South Africa and internationally and continued to be involved in various initiatives to promote peace and reconciliation.
Mandela also established the Nelson Mandela Foundation, a non-profit organization focusing on issues such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and education. He also continued to advocate for reconciliation and peace and played a role in various peace initiatives throughout Africa and the world. Unfortunately, Mandela passed away on December 5, 2013, at 95, but his legacy continues to be celebrated and honored worldwide.

Nelson

Matt Ridley is a British author and journalist who is known for his work on science, technology, and economics. He is the author of several books, including "The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves" and "The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge."
Ridley was born in London in 1958 and educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied zoology. He began his career as a science writer for The Economist and later worked as a correspondent for The Times and The Daily Telegraph.
In 1990, Ridley became the chairman of Northern Rock, a British bank, a position he held until 2007 when it was nationalized due to the financial crisis. He is also the non-executive chairman of the UK bank, Metro Bank.
Ridley is known for his popular science writing, which often focuses on the intersection of science, technology, and economics. His book "The Rational Optimist" argues that human progress is driven by the exchange of ideas and the spread of innovation. This process has led to an overall increase in prosperity and well-being over time. In "The Evolution of Everything," Ridley examines the role of evolution in shaping everything from the natural world to human society, arguing that evolution is not just a biological phenomenon but a process that can be applied to a wide range of areas.
In addition to his writing, Ridley is also a frequent speaker and commentator on science and technology issues and has appeared on numerous television and radio programs. He is also a member of the Royal Society of Arts and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
In summary, Matt Ridley is a British author, journalist, and economist known for his work on science, technology, and economics. He is the author of several books, including "The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves" and "The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge." He was a chairman of Northern Rock and a non-executive chairman of Metro Bank. He is also a frequent speaker and commentator on science and technology issues.

Matt

Isabel Wilkerson, winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Humanities Medal, is the author the critically acclaimed New York Times bestsellers The Warmth of Other Suns, and Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents.
Her first book, The Warmth of Other Suns, tells the story of the Great Migration, a watershed in American history. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction, the Heartland Prize for Nonfiction, the Anisfield-Wolf Award for Nonfiction, the Lynton History Prize from Harvard and Columbia universities, the Stephen Ambrose Oral History Prize and was shortlisted for both the Pen-Galbraith Literary Award and the Dayton Literary Peace Prize.&nbsp;
WARMTH was named to more than 30 Best of the Year lists, including The New York Times' 10 Best Books of the Year, Amazon's 5 Best Books of the Year and Best of the Year lists in The New Yorker, Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post and The Economist, among others. In 2019, TIME Magazine named Warmth to its list of the10 best books of the decade.
Her second book, CASTE: The Origins of Our Discontents, explores the unrecognized hierarchy in America, its history and its consequences. Caste became a No. 1 New York Times bestseller, was the 2020 summer/fall selection for Oprah’s Book Club and was longlisted for the National Book Award. It was named to more best of the year lists than any other work of nonfiction. TIME named it the No. 1 nonfiction book of 2020. Publishers Marketplace named it the book of the year across all genres. In 2021, it was the most borrowed nonfiction library book in the United States, according to Quartz Magazine.
Wilkerson won the Pulitzer Prize for her work as Chicago Bureau Chief of The New York Times in 1994, making her the first black woman in the history of American journalism to win a Pulitzer and the first African-American to win for individual reporting. In 2016, President Barack Obama awarded her the National Humanities Medal for "championing the stories of an unsung history."&nbsp;
She has appeared on national programs such as "Fresh Air with Terry Gross," CBS's "60 Minutes," NBC's "Nightly News," "The PBS News Hour," MSNBC's "The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell," “The Daily Show with Trevor Noah,” NPR's "On Being with Krista Tippett," the BBC and others. She has taught at Princeton, Emory and Boston universities and has lectured at more than 200 other colleges and universities across the U.S. and in Europe and Asia.

Isabel

Barbara Wertheim Tuchman was an American self-trained historian, author, and double Pulitzer Prize winner. She became best known for The Guns of August (1962), a history of the prelude and the first month of World War I. As an author, Tuchman focused on producing popular history. Her clear, dramatic storytelling covered topics as diverse as the 14th century and World War I and sold millions of copies.
Following graduation, Wertheim worked as a volunteer research assistant at the Institute of Pacific Relations in New York, spending a year in Tokyo in 1934–35, including a month in China, then returning to the United States via the Trans Siberian Railway to Moscow and on to Paris. She also contributed to The Nation as a correspondent until her father's sale of the publication in 1937, traveling to Valencia and Madrid to cover the Spanish Civil War A first book resulted from her Spanish experience, The Lost British Policy: Britain and Spain Since 1700, published in 1938.

Barbara

Antony Beevor was educated at Winchester and Sandhurst, where he studied military history under John Keegan. A regular officer with the 11th Hussars, he left the Army after five years to write. He has published four novels and thirteen books of non-fiction. His work has appeared in thirty-four foreign languages and sold more than eight million and a half copies.
His books include Inside the British Army (1990), Crete — The Battle and the Resistance (1991), which was awarded a Runciman Prize, and Paris After the Liberation, 1944-1949 (written with his wife Artemis Cooper and published in 1994). He has also contributed to several books, including The British Army, Manpower and Society into the Twenty-First Century, edited by Hew Strachan; Russia – War, Peace &amp; Diplomacy in honor of the late John Erickson; to Kokoda – Beyond the Legend (2017) edited by Karl James; and The End of 1942 – A turning point in World War II and in the Comprehension of the Final Solution? (Yad Vashem, 2018) edited by Dina Porat and Dan Michman.
Stalingrad, first published in 1998, won the first Samuel Johnson Prize, the Wolfson Prize for History, and the Hawthornden Prize for Literature in 1999. Berlin – The Downfall 1945, published in 2002, was accompanied by a BBC Timewatch program on his research into the subject. It was a No. 1 Bestseller in seven countries apart from Britain and in the top five in another nine countries.&nbsp;
The book received the first Longman-History Today Trustees’ Award. In May 2004, he published The Mystery of Olga Chekhova, which describes the experiences of the Chekhov and Knipper families from before the Russian revolution until after the Second World War. His Russian research assistant was Dr. Lyubov Vinogradova. He then edited and translated the wartime papers of the novelist Vasily Grossman, published in 2005 as A Writer at War – Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941-1945.
He has also published a completely revised edition of his 1982 history of the Spanish Civil War, with a great deal of new material from Spanish sources and foreign archives. This came out in Spain in September 2005 as La Guerra civil española, where it became the No.1 Bestseller and received the La Vanguardia prize for non-fiction. It appeared in English in the spring, of 2006, as The Battle for Spain – The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939.

Antony

Ben Shapiro is an American conservative political commentator, public speaker, author, and radio host. Born in 1984 in Los Angeles, California, Shapiro began writing at a young age, eventually becoming editor-in-chief of the UCLA student newspaper. After graduating from Harvard Law School, Shapiro worked as a lawyer. Then in 2007, he began writing a column for Creators Syndicate and eventually began hosting a daily political talk radio show.
Shapiro is known for his controversial opinions, especially on issues such as abortion, gun control, and same-sex marriage. He has been a vocal critic of President Barack Obama and accused of sexism and racism. Shapiro has also written several books, including Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth, which criticizes the left-leaning atmosphere in higher education, and Primetime Propaganda: The True Hollywood Story of How the Left Took Over Your TV, which examines the influence of Hollywood on American culture.
Shapiro's views have earned him both praise and criticism. He has been called an "intellectual powerhouse" by some, while others have criticized him for being too harsh and making inflammatory remarks. He is an outspoken supporter of Israel and has been criticized for his views on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Shapiro has argued that the Palestinian Authority has created a culture of hate and incitement and that the Palestinian leadership should be held responsible for the violence in the region.
Shapiro has appeared on many television and radio programs, including The O'Reilly Factor, Fox &amp; Friends, and his show, The Ben Shapiro Show. He has also written for various publications, including The Daily Wire, National Review, and Breitbart News. In addition, he is a frequent guest lecturer at universities and other venues.
Shapiro has also been the subject of much controversy. In 2019, he was criticized for comments he made about transgender individuals. He also received backlash for calling for a boycott of the National Football League for their decision to allow players to kneel during the national anthem in protest of police brutality. Another controversy occurred when Shapiro was invited to speak at the University of California, Berkeley. His speech was met with protests, with some students and faculty arguing that his views were too extreme.
Shapiro's views and opinions on various topics have made him a polarizing figure. While some laud him for his intelligence, wit, and courage to stand up for his beliefs, others see him as a divisive figure who espouses extremist views. Whatever one's opinion of him, it is clear that Shapiro has had an impact on America's political and cultural landscape.

Yuval Noah Harari is an Israeli historian and professor in the Department of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the author of the popular science bestsellers Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. His writings examine free will, consciousness, intelligence, happiness, and suffering.
Harari writes about the cognitive revolution occurring roughly 70,000 years ago when Homo sapiens supplanted the rival Neanderthals and other species of the genus Homo, developed language skills and structured societies, and ascended as apex predators, aided by the agricultural revolution and accelerated by the scientific process, which have allowed humans to approach near mastery over their environment. His books also examine the possible consequences of a futuristic biotechnological world in which intelligent biological organisms are surpassed by their creations; he has said, "Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so."
In Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Harari surveys human history from the evolutionary emergence of Homo Sapiens to 21st Century political and technological revolutions. The book is based on his lectures to an undergraduate world history class.
Yuval Noah Harari was born and raised in Kiryat Ata, Israel, one of three children born to Shlomo and Pnina Harari. His family was a secular Jewish family. His father was a state-employed armaments engineer, and his mother was an office administrator. Harari taught himself to read at age three. He studied in a class for intellectually gifted children at the Leo Baeck Education Center in Haifa from the age of eight. He deferred mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces to pursue university studies as part of the Ayuda program. Still, he was later exempted from completing his military service following his studies due to health issues. He began studying history and international relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at age 17.
Harari first specialized in medieval history and military history in his studies from 1993 to 1998 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He completed his D.Phil. degree at Jesus College, Oxford, in 2002, under the supervision of Steven J. Gunn. From 2003 to 2005, he pursued postdoctoral studies in history as a Yad Hanadiv Fellow. While at Oxford, Harari first encountered the writings of Jared Diamond, whom he acknowledged as an influence on his writing. At a Berggruen Institute salon, Harari said that Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel "was an epiphany in my academic career. I realized that I could write such books."
Harari has published numerous books and articles, including Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100–1550; The Ultimate Experience: Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000; The Concept of 'Decisive Battles' in World History; and Armchairs, Coffee and Authority: Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100–2000. He now specializes in world history and macro-historical processes.
His book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind was initially published in Hebrew in 2011 based on the 20 lectures of an undergraduate world history class he was teaching. It was released in English in 2014 and has since been translated into 45 additional languages. The book surveys the entire length of human history, from the evolution of Homo sapiens in the Stone Age to the political and technological revolutions of the 21st Century. The Hebrew edition became a bestseller in Israel and generated much interest among the general public, turning Harari into a celebrity. Joseph Drew wrote that "Sapiens provides a wide-ranging and thought-provoking introduction for students of comparative civilization," considering it as a work that "highlights the importance and wide expanse of the social sciences."
Harari's follow-up book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, was published in 2016 and examines the possibilities for the future of Homo sapiens. The book's premise outlines that, in the future, humanity will likely make a significant attempt to gain happiness, immortality, and God-like powers. Furthermore, the book openly speculates various ways this ambition might be realized for Homo sapiens in the future based on the past and present. Among several possibilities for the future, Harari develops the term "dataism" for a philosophy or mindset that worships big data. In The New York Times Book Review, Siddhartha Mukherjee stated that although the book "fails to convince me entirely," he considers it "essential reading for those who think about the future."
Harari's book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, published on 30 August 2018, focused more on present-day concerns. A review in the New Statesman commented on "risible moral dictums littered throughout the text," criticizing Harari's writing style, and stated that he was "trafficking in pointless asides and excruciating banalities." On the other hand, Kirkus Reviews praised the book as a "tour de force." They described it as a "highly instructive exploration of current affairs and the immediate future of human societies."
In November 2020, the first volume of his graphic adaptation of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Sapiens: A Graphic History – The Birth of Humankind, co-authored with David Vandermeulen and Daniel Casanave, was published and launched at a live stream event organized by How to Academy and Penguin Books.
In 2022, Harari's latest book, Unstoppable Us: How Humans Took Over the World, illustrated by Ricard Zaplana Ruiz, was published and is a "Story of Human History — for Kids." In fewer than 200 pages of child-friendly language, Harari covers the same content as his best-selling book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, but "he has simplified the presentation for this younger audience without dumbing it down." This book is "the first of four planned volumes."

Yuval Noah

Douglas Murray is a British author, political commentator, and associate director of the Henry Jackson Society, a foreign policy think tank based in London. Murray has written several books, including The Strange Death of Europe, The Madness of Crowds, and The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, and Islam, which have all been widely acclaimed. Murray also contributes regularly to publications such as The Spectator and The Wall Street Journal.
Murray is an outspoken critic of mass immigration, multiculturalism, and political correctness, which he believes have undermined European culture and weakened the West's ability to defend itself against radical Islam. His views have earned him praise and criticism from the political spectrum. For example, British Prime Minister Theresa May praised his book The Strange Death of Europe, while the former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn accused him of "promoting racism and intolerance."
Murray is also a passionate advocate for freedom of speech, arguing that Western governments must protect the right of citizens to express their opinions, even if they are unpopular or offensive. He has been involved in several high-profile cases where he has defended people's right to express their opinions and has even been threatened with legal action by those who disagree with him.
In addition to his writing and political commentary, Murray is a frequent speaker at universities and other public debates. He has appeared on several British television shows, including BBC Radio 4's Today program, Sky News, and Channel 4 News. He also frequently appears on Fox News in the US and has appeared as a guest on shows such as The O'Reilly Factor, Sean Hannity, and Tucker Carlson Tonight.
Murray is a passionate defender of the values of freedom and democracy, and his views have found a wide audience in both the UK and the US. His books and writings have won praise from both sides of the political spectrum, and he is regularly invited to speak at universities and other public events.
Murray has also been involved in a number of campaigns and initiatives. One of them is the Centre for Social Justice, a think tank that promotes social justice through the free market and libertarian policies. He has been a vocal critic of the European Union and has spoken out in favor of Brexit. He has also been a vocal critic of the imprisonment of Wikileaks founder Julian Assange and the treatment of political prisoners in the Middle East.
Murray is a passionate advocate of human rights and democracy and has spoken out in favor of LGBT rights and against oppressive regimes throughout the world. He has been a strong supporter of the National Review since its founding and has appeared as a guest on their radio show.
Murray is an engaging and thoughtful commentator, and his views have earned him a wide audience in both the UK and the US. His books and writings have won praise from both sides of the political spectrum, and he is regularly invited to speak at universities and other public events.

Douglas

Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman was a British military historian. His reconstructions of medieval battles from the fragmentary and distorted accounts left by chroniclers were pioneering. Occasionally his interpretations have been challenged, especially his widely copied thesis that British troops defeated their Napoleonic opponents by firepower alone. Paddy Griffith, among modern historians, claims that the British infantry's discipline and willingness to attack were equally important.
Oman was born in Muzaffarpur district, India, the son of a British planter. He was educated at Winchester College and at the University of Oxford, where he studied under William Stubbs. Here, he was invited to become a founding member of the Stubbs Society under Stubbs's patronage. In 1881 he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at All Souls College, where he remained for the rest of his academic career.&nbsp;
He was elected the Chichele Professor of Modern History at Oxford in 1905, in succession to Montagu Burrows. He was also elected to the FBA that year and served as President of the Royal Historical Society (1917–1921), the Numismatic Society, and the Royal Archaeological Institute. Among his teaching activities at Oxford, he taught the special subject of military history with C.T. Atkinson of Exeter College, which focused on the Peninsular War.&nbsp;
Oman's academic career was interrupted by the First World War, during which he was employed by the government's Press Bureau and the Foreign Office. Oman was the Conservative Member of Parliament for the University of Oxford constituency from 1919 to 1935 and was knighted KBE in the 1920 civilian war honors list.
The parody history book 1066 and All That, published in 1930, includes the dedication "Absit Oman," a distortion of the Latin phrase "Absit omen." It can be translated as "may Oman be absent," reflecting the prominence of Oman among English historians at the time.
He became an honorary fellow of New College in 1936 and received the honorary degrees of DCL (Oxford, 1926) and LL.D (Edinburgh, 1911 and Cambridge, 1927). He was awarded the Medal of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1928. He died at Oxford aged 86.
Two of Oman's children became authors. His daughter Carola Oman CBE was a writer of history, biography, and fiction for adults and children, including a retelling of the Robin Hood legend and biographies of Admiral Lord Nelson and Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore. His son Charles C. Oman wrote several volumes on British silverware, and similar houseware worked as a Keeper of the Department of Metalwork in the Victoria and Albert Museum and was active in the Folklore Society (and was, in turn, father to Julia Trevelyan Oman).

Charles

John Vaillant (born June 4, 1962) is an American-Canadian writer and journalist whose work has appeared in The New Yorker, The Atlantic, National Geographic, and Outside. He has written both non-fiction and fiction books. Vaillant was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and has lived in Vancouver since 1998. He is the son of Harvard psychologist George Eman Vaillant and grandson of the famed anthropologist George Clapp Vaillant.
His first book, The Golden Spruce, dealt with the feeling of the Golden Spruce or Kiidk'yaas on Haida Gwaii by Grant Hadwin. His 2010 work, The Tiger: A True Story of Vengeance and Survival, is about a man-eating tiger incident that happened in the 1990s in Russia's Far Eastern Primorsky Krai, where most of the world's Amur tigers live. It is a mixture of investigative journalism, social history, geography, and natural writing.&nbsp;
It won a number of awards and was selected for the 2012 edition of CBC Radio's Canada Reads, defended by lawyer and television personality Anne-France Goldwater. His next book was The Jaguar's Children (2015), a novel about an undocumented Mexican immigrant trapped inside the empty tank of a water truck that has been abandoned in the desert by human smugglers.&nbsp;
The novel was a shortlisted nominee for the 2015 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize. The Jaguar's Children received positive reviews from the New York Times and NPR. Vaillant is known for focusing on environmental issues - such as trees in the northwest, nearly-extinct tigers, and GMO corn in Mexico - and mixing that with stories about crime or violence.

Augustus Montague Summers was an English author, clergyman, and teacher. He initially prepared for a career in the Church of England at Oxford and Lichfield and was ordained as an Anglican deacon in 1908. He then converted to Roman Catholicism and began styling himself as a Catholic priest. He was, however, never affiliated with any Catholic diocese or religious order, and it is doubtful that he was ever actually ordained to the priesthood. Instead, he was employed as a teacher of English and Latin while independently pursuing scholarly work on the English drama of the 17th century. The latter earned him the Royal Society of Literature election in 1916.
Noted for his eccentric personality and interests, Summers became a well-known figure in London due to his History of Witchcraft and Demonology publication in 1926. That work was followed by other studies on witchcraft, vampires, and werewolves, which he professed to believe. Summers also produced a modern English translation, published in 1929, of the 15th-century witch hunter's manual, the Malleus Maleficarum. He has been characterized as "arguably the most seminal twentieth-century purveyor of pop culture occultism."
From 1911 to 1926, Summers found employment as an English and Latin teacher at several schools, including Brockley County School in southeast London. With the encouragement of Arthur Henry Bullen of the Shakespeare Head Press, Summers successfully established himself as a scholarly authority on the theatre of the Stuart Restoration.
Summers successively edited the plays of Aphra Behn, William Congreve, William Wycherley, Thomas Otway, Thomas Shadwell, and John Dryden. He also helped to create a new society called "The Phoenix" that performed those neglected works. Summers' work on Restoration drama earned him an election as a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1916.
Several decades after his death, Robert D. Hume characterized Montague Summers' scholarship on Restoration drama as pioneering and useful but also marred by sloppiness, eccentricity, uncritical deference to Sir Edmund Gosse and other similar gentlemen-amateurs, and even occasional dishonesty. Hume judged Summers' studies on The Restoration Theatre (1934) and The Playhouse of Pepys (1935) to be particularly fruitful sources. In his day, Summers' credibility among university-affiliated scholars was adversely impacted by the acrimonious disputes in which he engaged with others working in the same field.
The other primary focus of Summers' literary scholarship was Gothic fiction. He edited three collections of Gothic horror short stories and an incomplete edition of two of the seven obscure Gothic novels, known as the "Northanger Horrid Novels," that Jane Austen mentioned in her Gothic parody novel Northanger Abbey. He was instrumental in rediscovering those lost works, which some had supposed were inventions of Jane Austen herself. He also published biographies of Austen and Ann Radcliffe, a Gothic fiction writer. Summers' Gothic Bibliography, published in 1940, has been characterized as "flawed but useful."
Summers compiled three anthologies of supernatural stories, The Supernatural Omnibus, The Grimoire and other Supernatural Stories, and Victorian Ghost Stories. He was described as "the major anthologist of supernatural and Gothic fiction" in the 1930s.
He also edited the poetry of Richard Barnfield, a contemporary of Shakespeare. Summers' introduction to his 1936 edition of Barnfield's poems stressed the homosexual theme of some of those works, particularly The Affectionate Shepherd.
From 1916 onwards, Summers regularly published articles in popular occult periodicals, including The Occult Review and the Spiritualist periodical Light. In 1926 his work on The History of Witchcraft and Demonology appeared as part of the series on "History of Civilization" published by Kegan Paul and edited by C. K. Ogden. The book sold well and attracted considerable attention in the press. That success made Summers "something of a social celebrity" and allowed him to give up teaching and to write full-time. In 1927 a companion volume, The Geography of Witchcraft, also appeared in Ogden's "History of Civilization" series.
In 1928, Summers published the first English translation of Heinrich Kramer's Malleus Maleficarum ("The Hammer of Witches"), a 15th-century Latin manual on hunting witches. In his introduction, Summers insists that the reality of witchcraft is an essential part of Catholic doctrine and declares the Malleus an admirable and correct account of witchcraft and of the methods necessary to combat it.
In fact, however, the Catholic authorities of the 15th century condemned the Malleus on both ethical and legal grounds. Other Catholic scholars contemporary with Summers were also highly critical of the Malleus. For instance, the Rev. Herbert Thurston's article on "Witchcraft" for the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1912 refers to the publication of the Malleus as a "disastrous episode."
Summers then turned to vampires, producing The Vampire: His Kith and Kin (1928) and The Vampire in Europe (1929), and later to werewolves with The Werewolf (1933). Summers' work on the occult is notorious for his unusual and old-fashioned writing style, his display of erudition, and his purported belief in the reality of the subjects he treats.
In 1933, copies of Summers' translations of The Confessions of Madeleine Bavent and of Ludovico Maria Sinistrari's Demoniality were seized by the police due to their explicit accounts of sexual intercourse between humans and demons. At the ensuing trial of the publisher for obscene libel, anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard testified in defense of the scholarly value of the works in question. The publisher, Reginald Caton, was convicted, and the unsold copies were destroyed.
According to Brian Doherty, Summers' later work on witchcraft, published in the 1930s and 1940s, "adopted a far more paranoid and conspiracy-driven worldview" than his earlier writings on the subject. These later writings draw extensively from earlier conspiracy theorists such as the French counter-revolutionary Abbé Augustin Barruel and the English Fascist Nesta Helen Webster. As such, Summers' work may have influenced the "Satanic Panic" of the 1980s and 1990s.

Montague

C.E.

The object of Operation Chariot was to destroy the essential gear of the Normandie dock, so that it could not be used by German battleships, and it was successful in its purpose.  This is the story of the assault, under a storm of enemy fire, and of the heroism of the men in the little ships raid, carried out by Royal Navy forces. 

James Norman Mattis, commonly known as “Mad Dog” Mattis, is a retired United States Marine Corps general who served as the 26th United States Secretary of Defense from January 2017 to December 2018. He previously served as the 11th Commander of United States Central Command from August 2010 to March 2013. Prior to that, he commanded the United States Joint Forces Command from November 2007 to August 2010.
He served as the United States Marine Corps Forces Central Command Commander from July 2002 to November 2004. He was also the first Marine officer to serve as the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation of NATO Allied Command Transformation from November 2007 to September 2009.
Mattis served in the Marine Corps for 44 years and earned a reputation as one of the most formidable combat leaders of his time. He was well known for his hard-charging leadership style and blunt speaking, leading to his nickname “Mad Dog Mattis.”
He was an infantry officer who served in the Persian Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War, where he led troops in some of the most intense fightings in modern combat. In recognition of his service, he was awarded numerous decorations, including the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit.
Mattis was widely respected in the military for his leadership. He is credited with developing the Marine Corps’ Counterinsurgency Manual and leading the development of the US military’s new Counterinsurgency Field Manual. He also served on a number of military boards and committees and was a sought-after speaker at military events.
After leaving the military, Mattis was tapped to serve as Secretary of Defense by President Donald Trump. He was confirmed with a 98-1 vote in the Senate and served until his resignation in late 2018. Mattis was widely praised for his work in the Trump administration and is credited with helping to maintain a strong defense posture and forging a closer relationship with NATO allies.
Since retiring from the military and the Trump administration, Mattis has become a highly sought-after speaker and consultant. He is a highly decorated military veteran who has been widely credited with developing the strategy and tactics that helped the US military turn the tide in Iraq. He is known for his leadership, strategic thinking, and blunt speaking.

James

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In The Greatest Raid of All, C.E. Lucas Phillips shows us the importance of strategic planning. The book explores the meticulous planning that went into the St. Nazaire Raid during World War II. It's a great reminder that success often depends on careful preparation and strategic thinking.

The Power of Strategy

Phillips' book is a testament to the bravery of the men who carried out the St. Nazaire Raid. Their courage under extreme conditions is a powerful lesson in resilience and determination. If you're looking for inspiration to face your own challenges, you'll find it in this book.

Courage Under Fire

While the book is about a military operation, it doesn't shy away from showing the human side of war. The author gives us a glimpse into the lives of the men involved in the raid, making us see the personal sacrifices they made. It's a reminder that behind every historical event, there are real people with their own stories.

The Human Side of War

The Greatest Raid of All is also a study in teamwork. The success of the St. Nazaire Raid depended on the cooperation and coordination of many individuals. This book will make you appreciate the power of working together towards a common goal.

The Importance of Teamwork

C.E. Lucas Phillips invites us to learn from history. By taking a close look at the St. Nazaire Raid, we can gain insights into leadership, strategy, and courage. So, if you're a history buff or just someone who loves a good story, you should definitely check out this book.

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