Claudius Ptolemy was a Roman mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science. The first is the astronomical treatise, now known as the Almagest, although it was originally entitled the Mathēmatikē Syntaxis or Mathematical Treatise, and later known as The Greatest Treatise.&nbsp;
The second is Geography, which is a thorough discussion of maps and the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise, in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day. This is sometimes known as the Apotelesmatika (lit. "On the Effects") but more commonly known as the Tetrábiblos, from the Koine Greek meaning "Four Books," or by its Latin equivalent Quadripartite.
Unlike most ancient Greek mathematicians, Ptolemy's writings (foremost the Almagest) never ceased to be copied or commented upon in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. However, it is likely that only a few truly mastered mathematics necessary to understand his works, as evidenced particularly by the many abridged and watered-down introductions to Ptolemy's astronomy that were popular among the Arabs and Byzantines alike.
Ptolemy lived in or around the city of Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt, under Roman rule. He had a Latin name, which generally implies he was also a Roman citizen, cited Greek philosophers, and used Babylonian observations and Babylonian lunar theory. In half of his extant works, Ptolemy addresses a certain Syrus, a figure of whom almost nothing is known but who likely shared some of Ptolemy's astronomical interests.
The 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes gave his birthplace as the prominent Greek city Ptolemais Hermiou. This attestation is quite late, however, and there is no evidence to support it. Claudius Ptolemy died in Alexandria around 168. Ptolemy's Greek name, Ptolemaeus (Πτολεμαῖος, Ptolemaîos), is an ancient Greek personal name. It occurs once in Greek mythology and is of Homeric form.
It was common among the Macedonian upper class at the time of Alexander the Great. There were several of these names in Alexander's army, one of whom made himself pharaoh in 323 BC: Ptolemy I Soter, the first pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Almost all subsequent pharaohs of Egypt, with a few exceptions, were named Ptolemies until Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC, ending the Macedonian family's rule.
The name Claudius is a Roman name belonging to the gens Claudia; the peculiar multipart form of the whole name Claudius Ptolemaeus is a Roman custom characteristic of Roman citizens. Several historians have deduced that this indicates that Ptolemy would have been a Roman citizen. Gerald Toomer, the translator of Ptolemy's Almagest into English, suggests that citizenship was probably granted to one of Ptolemy's ancestors by either the emperor Claudius or the emperor Nero.

Claudius

Nassim Nicholas Taleb is a Lebanese-American essayist, scholar, statistician, and former trader and risk analyst whose work focuses on problems of randomness, probability, and uncertainty. He is the author of several books, including "The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable," which was published in 2007 and became a bestseller.
Taleb is a former trader and risk analyst and has worked as a professor of risk engineering at New York University's Tandon School of Engineering. He has a background in mathematics, statistics, and computer science and has published numerous papers in academic journals on topics related to randomness and uncertainty.
Taleb's main area of research is the study of "black swans," which he defines as rare events that have a large impact and are typically not predictable. He argues that traditional risk assessment methods, such as using historical data to predict future events, are inadequate because they fail to consider the possibility of black swan events.
Taleb is also known for his criticism of the concept of "normalcy" in statistics and his skepticism of the use of mathematical models in finance and economics. He has argued that the assumptions made in these models are often unrealistic and can lead to dangerous oversimplifications.
In addition to his work in academia, Taleb is also a public intellectual and has written several books for a general audience. His books have been widely discussed and debated in the media and have been translated into multiple languages.
Taleb is a strong advocate for antifragility, a concept he has developed and popularized in his books. Antifragility is the property of a system or entity that improves when subjected to volatility, shocks, stressors, or disorder and doesn't just remain indifferent to them.
Taleb's writing style is often characterized as provocative and contrarian, and he is known for his strong opinions on a wide range of topics. His work has been influential in the fields of economics, finance, and risk management and has also been discussed in the broader cultural and intellectual conversation.

Nassim Nicholas

Christopher Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a British-American author, journalist, and literary critic. He was a contributing editor to Vanity Fair, a columnist for Slate, and a visiting professor of liberal studies at the New School. His books, essays, and journalistic career spanned more than four decades. He was a vocal critic of what he called "fascist" ideologies, including communism and religious fundamentalism, and was known for his criticism of Mother Teresa and Henry Kissinger. He wrote extensively about politics, literature, and religion and was a frequent guest on various news programs and talk shows.
Hitchens was born in Portsmouth, England, and attended Balliol College, Oxford. He began his career as a journalist in the 1970s, working for various newspapers and magazines in Britain and the United States. He rose to prominence in the 1980s and 1990s with his coverage of the Iran-Contra affair, his criticism of Mother Teresa, and his coverage of the Bill Clinton impeachment.
Hitchens was a controversial figure known for his sharp wit and his willingness to take on controversial subjects. He was a vocal critic of religion, particularly organized religion and the influence of religious institutions on politics. He was also a vocal critic of US foreign policy, particularly the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. His book "God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything" was a best-seller and made him a prominent figure in the "New Atheism" movement.
Hitchens was also a vocal critic of totalitarianism, particularly of the Soviet Union and its satellite states. He wrote extensively about the dangers of totalitarianism, and his book "The Trial of Henry Kissinger" was a critique of the former US Secretary of State's actions during the Nixon Administration.
Hitchens was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2010 and died on December 15, 2011, at the age of 62. He was widely mourned by friends, colleagues, and fans, and his death was widely covered in the media.
"God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything" (2007) was a best-seller and made Hitchens a prominent figure in the "New Atheism" movement. In it, he argues that religion is harmful to society and that it is responsible for many of the world's problems. He also critiques specific religions and religious texts, including the Bible and the Quran.
"The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever" (2007) is a collection of essays and writings from various authors, compiled and edited by Hitchens. It includes works from famous skeptics and critics of religion, such as Mark Twain, George Orwell, and Bertrand Russell.
In "The Trial of Henry Kissinger" (2001), Hitchens accuses former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, of war crimes and crimes against humanity, specifically in relation to his actions during the Nixon Administration. He argues that Kissinger was responsible for many deaths and human rights abuses in Southeast Asia and Latin America.
"Letters to a Young Contrarian" (2001) is a collection of letters written by Hitchens to a fictional young person. He gives advice on how to be a contrarian and think independently. He covers topics such as politics, culture, and the importance of free speech. In "Why Orwell Matters" (2002), Hitchens reflects on the life and work of George Orwell and argues that Orwell's writing is still relevant today. He covers Orwell's views on totalitarianism, censorship, and the dangers of propaganda.
"Hitch-22: A Memoir" (2010) is Hitchens's autobiography, in which he reflects on his life and career. He covers his childhood, his time at Oxford, his career as a journalist, and his experiences as a public intellectual.
These are just a few examples of the many books written by Christopher Hitchens. He also wrote several essays and articles and contributed to many publications during his career. His work continues to be widely read and discussed, and his books are considered to be important contributions to the fields of politics, literature, and religion.

Christopher

Chris Anderson is the Head of TED, a non-profit organization devoted to spreading ideas through short, powerful talks. He is also the founder of TEDx, a program that allows communities and organizations to host TED-like events.
Anderson has been involved with TED since 2001 and took over as Head of TED in 2002. Under his leadership, TED has grown into a global phenomenon, with talks being viewed by millions of people in more than 100 languages. He has also been instrumental in expanding the reach of TED by making the words available for free online and by launching the TEDx program.
In addition to his work with TED, Anderson is also an entrepreneur and author. He is the founder of several successful companies. In addition, he has written several books, including "The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More" and "TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking."
Anderson is a firm believer in the power of ideas to change the world, and he has dedicated his career to promoting this idea through TED. He is a charismatic and dynamic speaker and has been praised for his ability to bring together diverse groups of people to share their thoughts and inspire change.
Anderson is also known for his innovative approach to curation, which has helped to make TED one of the most respected and widely-watched platforms for ideas. He has a keen eye for identifying new and emerging trends and is always looking for ways to bring fresh perspectives and voices to the TED stage.
He has also been a champion of using technology to democratize knowledge and ideas, making them more accessible to people worldwide. In addition, he has been an early adopter of new technologies, such as online video and social media, to help spread TED's message and reach new audiences.
Various organizations and publications have also recognized Anderson's work with TED. He has been honored with numerous awards for his contributions to the field of communications and education and has been named one of the most influential people in the world by Time Magazine.
In addition to his role at TED, Anderson is a sought-after speaker and advisor and has been invited to speak at conferences and events worldwide. In addition, he is a regular contributor to various publications, where he shares his insights on the future of technology, business, and culture.
Overall, Chris Anderson is a respected leader and a thought leader in the field of ideas and education, and he continues to inspire and innovate in his role as Head of TED. His work has helped make TED one of the most critical and influential platforms for sharing knowledge and ideas, and his contributions to the field will continue to be felt for years.

Chris

Ryan Holiday is an American author, marketer, media strategist, and entrepreneur. He is the author of several bestselling books, including his most recent, Perennial Seller, as well as popular titles such as The Obstacle Is the Way, Ego Is the Enemy, Conspiracy, and Growth Hacker Marketing. Holiday has written for the New York Times, Forbes, the Wall Street Journal, and other publications. He has also been featured in Time, The New Yorker, and The Washington Post.
Holiday is the founder of Brass Check, a creative consulting agency that specializes in marketing, media strategy, and creative consulting. He has worked with some of the world’s most successful authors, entrepreneurs, and public figures, including Tony Robbins, Tim Ferriss, Robert Greene, and Tucker Max. His clients also include media companies such as VICE, MTV, and Complex. He has also served as a consultant to brands such as American Apparel, Google, and Gillette.
As an author, Holiday has written nine books, three of which have become New York Times bestsellers. His books focus on topics such as personal and professional development, marketing, and media strategy. His most recent book, Perennial Seller, is a guide to creating and sustaining success in business, publishing, and life.
As a media strategist and consultant, Holiday has helped launch and reinvigorate several brands and campaigns. His work spans from creating marketing campaigns for startups and Fortune 500 companies to working as a creative consultant for media companies and major brands.
Holiday's work has been featured in major publications, including the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Fast Company, and The Washington Post. He has also appeared on television shows such as the Colbert Report, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, The Today Show, and podcasts such as the Tim Ferriss Show and the Joe Rogan Experience.&nbsp;
In addition to his work as an author, media strategist, and consultant, Holiday is a frequent public speaker. He has been a keynote speaker at events such as SXSW, the World Business Forum, and the Inc. 5000 Conference. He also teaches marketing and media strategy classes at the University of California, Berkeley.
Holiday is passionate about helping others achieve their goals and dreams. He has created several online courses and resources to help entrepreneurs, creatives, and marketers better understand the media landscape, marketing, and creative strategies. He also serves as the Managing Director of the media startup, Contently and is an adviser to several startups and companies. He is also a mentor to many aspiring entrepreneurs and creators.

Ryan

Susan Cain is an American author, speaker, and advocate for introverts. She is best known for her bestselling 2012 book, "Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking," which explores introverts' unique strengths and characteristics and the cultural biases that favor extroversion. The book has been widely praised for its insights into the introverted personality and has helped to increase awareness and understanding of introversion.
Cain's book is based on a combination of research and personal experience. It highlights how Western culture values extroversion over introversion and how it has led to the undervaluation of introverted individuals. She argues that society should better appreciate the strengths and contributions of introverts and create more opportunities for them to thrive.
In addition to her writing, Cain is a public speaker and has given numerous talks and lectures on introversion. She is a co-founder of Quiet Revolution, a company that helps people to understand and leverage the power of introverts, and the founder of The Quiet Leadership Institute. This organization trains leaders to lead from their natural strengths, whether introverted or extroverted.
Cain's work has significantly impacted the public understanding of introversion. It has been widely praised for its insights into introverts' unique strengths and characteristics and how society can better support them. As a result, she has been featured in many media outlets such as Time Magazine, The New York Times, Forbes, and many more. She is also sought after as a speaker and advisor by organizations and companies looking to create more inclusive and influential cultures.
As a public speaker, Cain focuses on raising awareness about introverts' unique strengths and needs and the cultural biases that favor extroversion. She provides insights into the introverted personality and how society can create more opportunities for introverts to thrive. She also advises introverted individuals on navigating and succeeding in a world that is often geared towards extroverts.
Cain's public speaking engagements often include keynotes, workshops, and lectures at conferences, universities, and other venues. In addition, s In addition, shehas spoken to audiences at conferences and events such as TED, SXSW, and the Aspen Ideas Festival, among others.
Cain is often sought after as a speaker by organizations and companies looking to create more inclusive and influential cultures. She advises bringing out the best in introverted employees and creating an environment that caters to different working styles.
In summary, Susan Cain is a well-known public speaker who has gained a reputation for her insights on introversion and how society can better support and value introverted individuals. As a result, she is sought after by organizations and companies looking to create more inclusive and effective cultures, as well as academic institutions and other venues looking to explore introversion and its impact on society.

Susan

Adam Michael Becker (born 1984) is an American astrophysicist, author, and scientific philosopher. His works include the book What Is Real?, published by Basic Books, which explores the history and personalities surrounding the development and evolution of quantum physics and includes a modern assessment of the Copenhagen Interpretation. In 2006, Becker received a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Philosophy and Physics from Cornell University, only to earn a Master of Science in Physics from the University of Michigan a year later.&nbsp;
In 2012, Becker received a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in Computational Cosmology from the University of Michigan with the physicist Dragan Huterer as his doctoral advisor. His doctoral thesis concerned primordial non-Gaussianity, which he would later summarize in lay terms for his readers, declaring, "I was trying to find out how much we can learn about the way stuff was arranged in the early universe by looking at the way stuff is arranged in the universe right now."
After completing his doctoral program, Becker wrote and lectured on scientific concepts, providing lay-friendly professional commentary on science. Becker has written for several news and periodicals concerning science for the interested layperson, including the BBC (which culminated in a video series), NPR, New Scientist Magazine, Scientific American, the New York Times, Aeon, and the global educational program NOVA on the American PBS.
In 2014, while employed at the Public Library of Science, Becker was a lead developer in a project that produced Rich Citations, which was an extensive expansion of the capabilities of digital cross-referencing across the PLOS platform. Later, after publishing his first book, "What is Real?" Becker was appointed as a visiting scholar at the Office for History of Science and Technology at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2020 he accepted a position as a visiting researcher in the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science at the University of California, Irvine.
Becker has also been a California Quantum Interpretation Network member, "a research collaboration among faculty and staff at multiple UC campuses and other universities across California, focusing on the interpretation of quantum physics." Becker has announced ongoing work on a new publication that takes a step away from the controversy of his first book and instead explores the relationship between science and the Consumer Tech Industry that has evolved and been promulgated across the world from the Silicon Valley of California.&nbsp;
This new project has an estimated publication date of "late 2023". In 2016, Becker received a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to research and published a written work concerning the history, development, and controversy surrounding the study and development of the mysticized field of Quantum Foundations. The resulting work, What is Real? (2018) focused on the question of what exactly quantum physics says about the nature of reality.
Even though every physicist agrees that quantum physics works, a bitter debate has raged over its meaning for the past ninety years since the theory was first developed. The book deals with the personalities behind the competing interpretations of quantum physics as well as the historical factors that influenced the debate—factors such as military spending on physics research due to World War II, the Cold War ethos that caused the eschewing of physicists thought to be Marxist, the assumed infallibility of John von Neumann, the sexism that quashed the work of Grete Hermann (the female mathematician who first spotted von Neumann's error), and the sway of prominent philosophical schools of the period, like the logical positivists of the Vienna Circle.&nbsp;
Niels Bohr appears in the book as the charismatic figure whose stature and obtuse writing style made it hard for alternate interpretations to be voiced. The book also challenges the popular portrayal of Albert Einstein as a behind-the-times thinker who couldn't accept the new paradigm.&nbsp;
Becker argues that Einstein's thought experiments aimed at quantum dynamics are not stodgy quibbles with the seeming randomness of quantum physics, as characterized by the popularity of the quote, "God does not play dice." Rather, Einstein's thought experiments are apt critiques of violations of the principle of locality.

Adam

Jacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and philosopher. He was known to friends and professional colleagues alike by the nickname Bruno. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series and accompanying book The Ascent of Man, which led to his regard as "one of the world's most celebrated intellectuals."
Bronowski's family moved from Congress, Poland to Germany and then to England while he was a child. He won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at the University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II, he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing.&nbsp;
After the war, he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity with William Blake. From 1950 to 1963, he worked for the National Coal Board in the UK. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his Ascent of Man.
Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London. He went on to study at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated as a Senior Wrangler.
As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited—with William Empson—the literary periodical Experiment, which first appeared in 1928. Throughout his professional life, Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity in both the mathematical and literary worlds. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the British Chess Magazine between 1926 and 1970.
He received a Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s, he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance, believing he was a security risk[why?], which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.
During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, developing mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command. At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers that visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defense.&nbsp;
Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of Cardiff University, subsequently produced the secret Report of the British Mission to Japan: the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which was passed to various governments departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings. It was simultaneously published in the US.
Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research. He turned to biology, as did his friend Leo Szilard and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, Bronowski became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.
In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung Child's fossilized skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests toward the biology of humanity's intellectual products.

Jacob

Jordan Peterson is a Canadian clinical psychologist, cultural critic, and professor of psychology at the University of Toronto. He first gained widespread recognition in 2016 with the publication of his book "12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos," which became a best-seller and sparked a global conversation about personal responsibility, masculinity, and the nature of meaning in life.
Peterson's ideas and teachings center around the idea of personal responsibility and self-improvement. He encourages individuals to take responsibility for their own lives and to strive for self-actualization rather than relying on external factors to create meaning and purpose in life. He is known for his critiques of political correctness and what he views as a lack of individual responsibility in society. He is also known for his views on masculinity and the role of men in society.
Peterson is a practicing clinical psychologist who has written extensively on personality and the psychological foundations of human behavior. He has also written about the intersection of psychology and religion and has been critical of postmodernism and Marxism.
Peterson has been a controversial figure, with some seeing him as a champion of free speech and individual rights, while others see him as promoting regressive and harmful ideas. He has faced criticism for his views on gender and race and for his opposition to certain government policies related to these issues.
In addition to his writing and speaking engagements, Peterson has also conducted research on the role of personality in mental health and has been involved in a number of clinical studies. He is also a popular lecturer and has given many public talks on a wide range of topics related to psychology, philosophy, and culture.
Peterson is a well-known figure in the cultural and intellectual landscape, known for his ideas on personal responsibility, self-improvement, and the nature of meaning in life, as well as his critiques of political correctness and certain government policies. Despite his critics, his impact is undeniable. His books and lectures have helped many people to improve themselves and their lives.
In addition to his books and lectures, Jordan Peterson also has a popular YouTube channel where he posts videos on a variety of topics, including psychology, philosophy, and cultural criticism. He is also active on social media, where he engages with his followers and shares his thoughts and ideas.
Peterson's influence extends beyond the academic and intellectual spheres. His ideas have resonated with a wide range of people, from young men seeking guidance on how to navigate the complexities of modern life to professionals looking for ways to improve their personal and professional lives. He has also been a vocal advocate for fathers' importance and encouraged men to take responsibility for their families and communities.
In 2019, Peterson announced that he was suffering from an addiction to benzodiazepines and that he would be taking a leave of absence from his work to focus on his recovery. In 2020, he announced that he was also suffering from a serious case of pneumonia and had to undergo chemotherapy, which left him with many health complications. Despite this, Peterson continues to publish new content, write and speak in interviews, showing great resilience and determination.
In summary, Jordan Peterson is a well-known figure in the cultural and intellectual landscape, known for his ideas on personal responsibility, self-improvement, and the nature of meaning in life. His books and lectures have helped many people to improve themselves and their lives. He is also active on YouTube and social media and continues to publish new content and speak in interviews despite his health issues.

Jordan

William Hardy McNeill (October 31, 1917 – July 8, 2016) was an American historian, and author noted for his argument that contact and exchange among civilizations are what drives human history forward, first postulated in The Rise of the West (1963). He was the Robert A. Millikan Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Chicago, where he taught from 1947 until his retirement in 1987.
William McNeill was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the son of theologian and educator John T. McNeill, where he lived until age ten. The family then moved to Chicago while spending summers on a family farm on Canada's Prince Edward Island. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1938 from the University of Chicago, where he was editor of the student newspaper and "was inspired by the anthropologist Robert Redfield."&nbsp;
He earned a Master of Arts degree in 1939, also at the University of Chicago, and wrote his thesis on Thucydides and Herodotus. He began working towards a Ph.D. in history at Cornell University under Carl L. Becker. In 1941, he was drafted into the U.S. Army and served in World War II in the European theater. After the war, he returned to Cornell for his Ph.D., which he earned in 1947.
McNeill's best-known work is The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, which was published in 1963, relatively early in his career. The book explores world history in terms of the effect different old-world civilizations had on one another and cites the deep influence of Western civilization on the rest of the world to argue that societal contact with foreign civilizations is the primary force in driving historical change.&nbsp;
It had a major impact on historical theory by emphasizing cultural fusions, in contrast to Oswald Spengler's view of discrete, independent civilizations. Hugh Trevor-Roper wrote a glowing review in The New York Times Book Review. McNeill's Rise of the West won the U.S. National Book Award in History and Biography in 1964.
From 1971 to 1980, he served as the editor of The Journal of Modern History. His Plagues and Peoples (1976) was an important early contribution to the study of the impact of disease on human history. In 1982, he published The Pursuit of Power, which examined the role of military forces, military technology, and war in human history. In 1989 he published a biography of his mentor Arnold J. Toynbee.
In a 1992 review, he disagreed with Francis Fukuyama's argument in The End of History and the Last Man that the end of the Cold War meant that the American model of a capitalist liberal democracy had become the "final form of human government" as Fukuyama put it. In 1997 he disagreed with the central thesis of Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel for overlooking the importance of human "cultural autonomy" in determining human development versus Diamond's focus on environmental factors. In 2003, he coauthored The Human Web: A Bird's-eye View of World History with his son and fellow historian J. R. McNeill.

William

Dr. Michael Greger is a physician, author, and internationally recognized speaker on a number of important public health issues. He is a founding member and Fellow of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine and a founding member of the American College of Nutrition.
Dr. Greger has appeared on the Dr. Oz Show and the Colbert Report, and his work has been featured in the New York Times and the Washington Post. He is the author of How Not to Die and the internationally bestselling book How Not to Die Cookbook. He is also the host of the popular weekly nutrition podcast, NutritionFacts.org.
Dr. Greger graduated from the Tufts University School of Medicine and was trained in internal medicine and nutrition science at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. He is board certified in general internal medicine and nutrition.
Dr. Greger is a strong proponent of whole food and plant-based nutrition and encourages people to focus on their diets as a primary way to improve their health. His nonprofit organization, NutritionFacts.org, provides free, science-based information about nutrition and health.
Dr. Greger is a regular contributor to the Journal of the American Medical Association. His work has appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine, the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, and the British Medical Journal. He has given talks at numerous events and conferences, including the World Health Organization, the American College of Physicians, and the American Heart Association. He has also appeared on numerous television programs, including The Dr. Oz Show, The Colbert Report, The Today Show, and The Dr. Phil Show.
Dr. Greger is a leader in the field of nutrition and health and is passionate about helping people live healthier and longer lives. He has received numerous awards and honors, including being named as one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine in 2012. He is a strong advocate for the use of evidence-based nutrition to prevent and treat chronic diseases.

Dr. Michael

David Sinclair is a world-renowned scientist and professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School. He is an authority in the field of aging, and his research focuses on understanding why we age and how to slow it down. He is the co-founder and co-chief editor of the journal Aging Cell, as well as a co-founder and co-director of the Sinclair Lab at Harvard Medical School.&nbsp;
Dr. Sinclair has made groundbreaking discoveries in the field of aging and longevity. He discovered a gene that controls the aging process and is currently researching ways to use this gene to extend the life and slow down the effects of aging. He has also identified a compound that could potentially reverse aging in mice and has been researching ways to develop a drug that could do the same for humans. His research has been featured in numerous publications, including the New York Times and The Atlantic.&nbsp;
In addition to his research, Dr. Sinclair is an advocate of healthy aging. He is the author of two books, Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don't Have To and The Genetics of Health: Understand Your DNA to Transform Your Life, which provides insights into the science of aging and how to live a longer, healthier life. He is also the co-founder of the Institute for Aging Research and Education, which is dedicated to advancing the science of aging and promoting healthy aging.
Dr. Sinclair is a highly respected scientist and professor, and his work has been recognized with numerous awards and honors. He was named one of the world’s most influential people by Time Magazine in 2019 and is a recipient of the prestigious Albert Einstein Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Life Sciences. He has also been honored with the Breakthrough Prize in Aging Research and the American Society for Cell Biology’s worldwide recognition award for his research on aging.

David

Sam Harris is an American neuroscientist, philosopher, and author. He is the founder and CEO of Project Reason, a non-profit organization that promotes science and secularism. Harris is known for his critiques of religious faith and his promotion of scientific rationality and secular humanism. He has written several books, including "The End of Faith," "Letter to a Christian Nation," "The Moral Landscape," "Free Will," and "Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion." Harris is also a frequent speaker and commentator on neuroscience, philosophy, and religion issues.
Sam Harris hosts a podcast called "Making Sense," produced by his non-profit organization, Project Reason. The podcast features Harris having in-depth conversations with various guests, including scientists, scholars, authors, and other public figures. Topics of discussion on the podcast include science, philosophy, politics, and current events. The podcast is released weekly, and episodes can be found on various platforms such as iTunes, Spotify, and YouTube. The podcast has been running since 2013 and has been well-received by listeners for its in-depth and thought-provoking conversations.
Harris has written extensively on neuroscience and its implications for understanding the nature of consciousness, free will, and morality. In addition, he is known for his work on the neural basis of belief and emotion and his critiques of traditional religious and spiritual beliefs.
Project Reason is a non-profit organization that promotes scientific understanding and critical thinking on issues related to religion, morality, and politics. It provides a forum for open and rational discussion of these topics and works to combat the influence of dogmatism and superstition in public life. Some of the activities of Project Reason include public lectures, debates, discussions with experts in various fields, and the production of multimedia content such as podcasts, videos, and articles. Harris' organization also provides educational resources and materials for educators and students.

Pamela Ann McCorduck was a British-born American author of books about the history and philosophical significance of artificial intelligence, the future of engineering, and the role of women and technology. She also wrote three novels. She contributed to Omni, The New York Times, Daedalus, and the Michigan Quarterly Review, and was a contributing editor of Wired. She was a former vice president of the PEN American Center. She was married to computer scientist and academic Joseph F. Traub.
McCorduck was born on October 27, 1940, in Liverpool, United Kingdom, to Hilda (née Bond) and William J. "Jack" McCorduck. The city was being bombed by the German Luftwaffe at the time of her birth. Her mother was a beautician and teacher, while her father owned beauty colleges, including the one where her mother taught. She was the eldest of three siblings, with the younger two being twins. She moved to Stamford, Connecticut, in the United States, with her family, when she was 6.&nbsp;
The family moved in the RMS Queen Elizabeth, an ocean liner that took them to Ellis Island in 1946. She lived in Rutherford, New Jersey, where she graduated from Rutherford High School before moving west and earning a bachelor's degree in English literature from University of California, Berkeley, in 1960. Many years later, she obtained her master's degree in English literature from Columbia University.
McCorduck started out supporting professors Edward Feigenbaum, who would later go on to be known as the father of expert systems, and Julian Feldman, at UC Berkeley in their book on artificial intelligence, entitled Computers &amp; Thought (1963). She stayed on as an executive assistant to Feigenbaum as he moved to Stanford University to set up the university's computer science department in 1965.
She moved to Seattle, with her husband Joseph F. Traub, whom she had met in Stanford, when he moved to the University of Washington; she later moved to Pittsburgh, where she taught at Carnegie Mellon University. During these years, she wrote two of her novels, Familiar Relations (1971; about a family in Liverpool) and Working to the End (1972).
While at Carnegie Mellon she taught in the English department, but was introduced to scientists working on artificial intelligence, including professor Herbert A. Simon, who championed the idea that computers could match human thinking by exhibiting artificial intelligence. She continued to interact with the scientists and researchers, including Raj Reddy and Allen Newell, many of whom she interviewed.&nbsp;
During this time, she wrote Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry Into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence (1979), which was funded by the university. The book ended up chronicling the early years of research in artificial intelligence. She wrote about researchers who were studying expert systems, robotics, problem solving, general game playing, and speech recognition, becoming one of the pre-eminent writers on the topic who were able to explain the topics to a broad audience.&nbsp;
Her conversational tone of writing as well as observational skills were credited with distinguishing her writings from other works on these topics. Her book, Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry Into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence had its twenty-fifth year edition with updates capturing progress in the field of artificial intelligence through 2004.
McCorduck moved to Columbia University in 1979, teaching creative writing, when her husband Traub was appointed the first chairman of the computer science department at Columbia. She continued to write on artificial intelligence and related topics, including books such as The Universal Machine (1985), The Rise of the Expert Company (1988), and Aaron's Code (1990). Her book, Futures of Women (1996), used scenario planning to study potential trajectories for the economic and social futures of women.
She also wrote two novels, The Edge of Chaos (2007) and Bounded Rationality (2012). Her last book was a memoir, This Could Be Important: My Life and Times With the Artificial Intelligentsia (2019), in which she regretted not calling attention to the potential misuse of artificial intelligence earlier. Throughout her career, she wrote eleven books, including three novels, which were all published.
McCorduck served as a board member and later as the vice president of the PEN American Center. She was chairperson of a committee that studied the long-range reorganization of the PEN America. She was a contributor to Omni, The New York Times, Daedalus, Michigan Quarterly Review and was a contributing editor of Wired.
&nbsp;The Carnegie Mellon University library hosts the Traub-McCorduck collection set up in 2018, based on her contributions, which included early counting machines, manuscripts, books and artifacts documenting the history of computing, including two enigma machines. In 2020, she was appointed a board member of the University of California Libraries.

Pamela

Malcolm Gladwell has been a staff writer at The New Yorker since 1996. He is the author of The Tipping Point, Blink, Outliers, and What the Dog Saw. Prior to joining The New Yorker, he was a reporter at the Washington Post. Gladwell was born in England and grew up in rural Ontario. He now lives in New York.

Malcolm

Steven Pinker is an internationally renowned experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and popular science writer. He is a professor at Harvard University, where he has taught since 2003. He is the author of several books, including The Language Instinct, How the Mind Works, and The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined.
Pinker's research focuses on language and cognition, and he is the chair of the Usage Panel of the American Heritage Dictionary. He is also a contributing editor for The New Republic, and he is a frequent commentator on popular science topics in newspapers and magazines.
Pinker was born in Montreal, Canada, in 1954. He received his B.A. from McGill University in 1976 and his Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University in 1979. He has received numerous awards and honors, including the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 2018 for his book, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined.
Pinker's research has been highly influential in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and evolutionary psychology. He has written extensively on the evolution of language, the nature of the mind, and the power of reason. He has also written on the topics of human intelligence, morality, beauty, and violence.
Pinker has argued that evolutionary forces largely shape human intelligence and that the human mind is a complex set of mental modules. He has also argued that reason can be used to solve moral dilemmas and that violence has declined over time due to the spread of reason.
Pinker's work has been widely praised by academics and intellectuals, and he has been described as one of the leading public intellectuals of our time. His books have been translated into dozens of languages, and they have sold millions of copies. He has appeared on numerous television shows and has been the subject of multiple documentaries.
In addition to his academic and popular writing, Pinker is also an active public speaker. He frequently lectures on scientific topics and has appeared as a guest on talk shows and news programs. He has been featured in numerous films, including the documentary film The Edge of Reason, which was nominated for an Academy Award in 2016.
Pinker is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the American Philosophical Society. He has been awarded numerous honorary degrees, including doctorates from the Universities of Toronto, Harvard, and Oxford.

Steven

Brian

From Brian Greene, one of the world’s cleverest physicists and author of The Elegant Universe comes a grand tour of the universe that makes us look at reality in a completely different way. Time and space form the very fabric of the cosmos. Yet they remain among the most mysterious of concepts: why is there something rather than nothing? Can we travel to the past? Can we travel to parallel universes?
In order to explain nonintuitive, mathematical concepts like String Theory, Inflationary Cosmology, and Quantum Mechanics—and to distinguish them from science fiction—Greene has set himself a daunting task: using everyday experiences drawn from his life as an example, he must explain these complex concepts in clear language.

Cleo Abram is an inspiring and dynamic video producer at Vox. She brings enthusiasm and creativity to her projects, always pushing the envelope and striving for excellence.
Before joining Vox, Cleo worked as a producer on Netflix’s Explained, a show that dives deep into the day's topics. She was also the host and producer of Vox’s YouTube series Glad You Asked, a show that asked tough questions with engaging and entertaining videos.
Since joining Vox, Cleo has been the host and producer of Vox’s first-ever daily show, Answered. The show features a range of topics from technology to science, to politics and more. Cleo has been able to share her knowledge and expertise with viewers through the show.
Cleo is an excellent communicator and is passionate about producing high-quality content. She is a master of her craft and is constantly looking for ways to innovate and push the boundaries of video production.
When she’s not in the studio, Cleo can be found spending time with her family and friends. She also enjoys exploring the great outdoors and going on adventures. Cleo is an inspiring producer with a lot of energy and drive. Her work speaks for itself; she is always looking for ways to push the envelope and create compelling and thought-provoking content.
In addition to her work as a producer and host at Vox, Cleo Abram is also a video journalist currently making Huge If True, a documentary series about the internet age. The series explores the impact of the internet on our lives and society, from how we communicate to how we consume media. Through the series, Cleo is able to share her unique perspective and expert knowledge about the modern world.

Cleo

Stephen Hawking

Neil deGrasse Tyson

Bill Gates

Elon Musk

Mark Zuckerberg

In The Fabric of the Cosmos, Brian Greene takes us on a journey to explore the universe in a way we've never seen before. He breaks down complex theories into simple, understandable concepts. You'll find yourself looking at the stars in a whole new light.

Understanding the Universe

Greene challenges our understanding of space and time. He suggests that these are not separate entities, but rather a combined 'fabric' that makes up our universe. This book will make you rethink everything you thought you knew about space and time.

The Concept of Space and Time

The Fabric of the Cosmos is a great place to start if you're interested in quantum mechanics and relativity. Greene explains these theories in a way that's easy to understand, even if you're not a physicist. You'll find yourself fascinated by the world of tiny particles and the vastness of the universe.

Quantum Mechanics and Relativity

Brian Greene also delves into the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy. These invisible forces make up most of our universe, yet we know so little about them. After reading this book, you'll be eager to learn more about these mysterious forces.

The Mystery of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

The Fabric of the Cosmos isn't just about what we know, it's also about what we don't know. Greene discusses the future of physics and the questions that scientists are still trying to answer. This book will inspire you to keep exploring and learning about our incredible universe.

The Future of Physics

The Fabric of the Cosmos

Brian Randolph Greene is an American theoretical physicist, mathematician, and string theorist. He has been a professor at Columbia University since 1996 and chairman of the World Science Festival since co-founding it in 2008. Greene has worked on mirror symmetry, relating two different Calabi–Yau manifolds.

Brian Greene, one of the world's leading string theorists, has written an international bestseller that inspired a major NOVA special and sparked a new understanding of the universe.
In his book The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory, Greene peels away layers of mystery to reveal a universe consisting of eleven dimensions, where the fabric of space tears and repairs itself, and all matter—from the smallest quarks to the most gargantuan supernovas—is generated by the vibrations of microscopically tiny loops of energy.&nbsp;

Jonathan Daniel Hamm, commonly known as Jon Hamm, is an American actor, director, and television producer. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on March 10, 1971. Hamm is best known for his role as Don Draper, the lead character in the AMC television series Mad Men, which aired from 2007 to 2015. He has also appeared in several films and television shows, including The Town, Bridesmaids, and 30 Rock.
Hamm began his acting career in the mid-1990s, appearing in small roles on television and in films. He landed his first major role in 2000, playing the character of Ted in the NBC series Providence. He also appeared in a number of other television shows, including The Division, What About Brian, and The Unit.
In 2007, Hamm was cast as Don Draper in Mad Men, a role that would ultimately make him a household name. The show was a critical and commercial success, earning numerous awards and nominations, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards and four Golden Globe Awards. Hamm won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama, in 2008 and again in 2016.
In addition to his acting career, Hamm has also worked as a director and producer. He directed several episodes of Mad Men and also produced the show. He has also directed episodes of other television shows, including Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Black Mirror.
In recent years, Hamm has appeared in several critically acclaimed films, including Baby Driver, Tag, and Good Omens. He has also lent his voice to animated series like Bob's Burgers and the Adult Swim series, The Greatest Event in Television History.
Hamm is known for his talent, dedication, and versatility as an actor. He has a reputation for his intense preparation and commitment to his roles. He has also been recognized for his work as a philanthropist, supporting various charitable causes, including cancer research and support for veterans.
In addition to his acting, directing, and producing work, Hamm has also made appearances in numerous stage productions. He made his Broadway debut in 2014, starring in the production of "A Streetcar Named Desire" as Stanley Kowalski. He received positive reviews for his performance and was praised for his ability to capture the character's intensity and vulnerability.
Hamm has also made guest appearances on various talk shows, comedy shows, and late-night shows such as "Saturday Night Live," "The Ellen DeGeneres Show," "The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon," and "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert." He has also been a guest host on "Saturday Night Live" in 2008 and 2020, showing his comedic range and ability to entertain the audience.
In terms of his personal life, Hamm has been in a long-term relationship with actress Jennifer Westfeldt since 1997. The couple has chosen not to marry, and they have no children. Hamm has been open about his struggles with alcoholism and has been sober since he was 30 years old. He has been a vocal advocate for addiction recovery and has spoken publicly about the importance of seeking help and support.
Overall, Jon Hamm is a highly respected and accomplished actor and producer who has significantly impacted the entertainment industry. He has a diverse range of talents, from drama to comedy, and his performances show his versatility. He's known for his dedication to his craft, his philanthropy, and his commitment to recovery. He has solidified himself as one of his generation's most talented and respected actors and continues to be a role model in the entertainment industry.

Bill Clinton

Michio Kaku

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Brian Greene's The Elegant Universe is a fascinating exploration into the mysteries of the universe. He breaks down complex theories like string theory and quantum mechanics in a way that's easy to understand. You'll find yourself looking at the world in a whole new light after reading this book.

In The Elegant Universe, Greene presents the idea of a 'theory of everything'. This is a unified theory that could potentially explain all physical phenomena in the universe. It's a mind-blowing concept that will make you see the universe in a whole new way.

The Theory of Everything

One of the key takeaways from The Elegant Universe is the beauty of science. Greene's passion for his subject is infectious, and he makes complex scientific theories not only understandable but also fascinating. You'll find yourself falling in love with science all over again.

The Beauty of Science

Greene's book is a testament to the power of curiosity. He encourages readers to question everything and to never stop learning. After reading The Elegant Universe, you'll be inspired to dig deeper into the mysteries of the universe and to keep asking questions.

The Power of Curiosity

The Elegant Universe also gives us a glimpse into the future of science. Greene discusses the potential implications of string theory and other groundbreaking theories. It's an exciting look into what the future might hold for our understanding of the universe.

The Future of Science

The Elegant Universe

It is a universal truth that every living thing will die. It is also a universal truth that the universe itself will one day cease to exist. In both time and space, the cosmos is astoundingly vast and yet governed by simple, elegant, universal mathematical laws. On this cosmic timeline, our human era is spectacular but fleeting. Someday, we know, we will all die. And someday soon after that, so will the universe itself.
It is a universal truth that every living thing will die. It is also a universal truth that the universe itself will one day cease to exist. In both time and space, the cosmos is astoundingly vast and yet governed by simple, elegant, universal mathematical laws. On this cosmic timeline, our human era is spectacular but fleeting. Someday, we know, we will all die. And someday soon after that, so will the universe itself.

Joe Rogan is an American stand-up comedian, martial artist, sports commentator, podcast host, and actor. He is best known for his podcast, The Joe Rogan Experience, which is one of the most popular podcasts in the world, with over 11 million downloads per month.
Rogan began his career as a stand-up comedian in 1988 and has since released seven comedy specials. He has also appeared in several films and television shows, including NewsRadio, Fear Factor, and The Man Show. He has also served as a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) since 1997.
Rogan has gained a large audience through his podcast, which is available for free on YouTube, iTunes, and Spotify, and on his website. His podcast features a wide variety of topics, including current events, comedy, interviews with celebrities, and discussions with experts on science, philosophy, and psychology.
Rogan is also an avid martial artist, having trained in kickboxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and taekwondo. He is a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Jean Jacques Machado and a black belt in 10th Planet Jiu-jitsu under Eddie Bravo.
Rogan is an advocate for a variety of causes, including the legalization of psychedelic drugs, gun control, and the environment. He has also been an outspoken critic of the Trump administration and a vocal supporter of Bernie Sanders.
Rogan's unique style of comedy, podcasting, and martial arts has made him one of the most recognizable figures in the media today. He is a polarizing figure, with many fans and detractors alike, but his influence on popular culture is undeniable.

In 'Until the End of Time', Brian Greene takes us on a journey to explore the universe. He explains complex concepts like quantum mechanics and cosmology in a way that's easy to understand. You'll find yourself looking at the stars with a new sense of wonder.

Greene also digs into the mystery of consciousness. He discusses how our understanding of the universe is shaped by our minds. It's a fascinating look into how we perceive and interact with the world around us.

The Role of Consciousness

One of the key takeaways from 'Until the End of Time' is the importance of creativity. Greene argues that our ability to create and appreciate art is a fundamental part of what makes us human. So, next time you pick up a paintbrush or a pen, remember that you're participating in a deeply human tradition.

The Importance of Creativity

Greene doesn't shy away from discussing the future. He explores what the end of time might look like for humanity. It's a sobering look at our potential fate, but also a call to action. We have the power to shape our future, and Greene encourages us to take that responsibility seriously.

The Future of Humanity

In 'Until the End of Time', you'll see how everything in the universe is interconnected. From the smallest particles to the largest galaxies, everything is part of a complex web of existence. It's a reminder of our place in the universe and the importance of our actions.

Top Book Recommendations by Brian Greene: Best Books for Success

Best author’s book

The Fabric of the Cosmos

Written books

The Elegant Universe

The Fabric of the Cosmos

Until the End of Time

Brian Greene recommends

An Appetite for Wonder

Coming of Age in the Milky Way

Consciousness Explained

The Power of Myth

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

Infinite Powers

The Ascent of Man

The Big Picture

The Denial of Death

The First Three Minutes

The Hero with a Thousand Faces

The Selfish Gene

The Varieties of Religious Experience

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

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